ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ
Gồm có 3 vấn đề:
A. Liên từ (conjunction)
B. Sự phối hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ
C.Cách rút gọn (thay Liên từ = Giới từ)
MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ : có 9 loại
I. Adverbial clause of time: (thời gian)
1. Conjunction:
when, while, after, before, by the time (trước khi), as soon as (ngay khi), as (khi), until (cho đến khi), just as (ngay khi), as long as (chừng nào mà), since (từ khi), no sooner…than; harly/ barely/ scarcely …when (vừa mới... rồi thì…)

When / while / before / after / as / since S + V , S + V
When the phone rang, the baby woke up.
Example:
S V S V
2. Sự phối hợp thì : mđề chính và mđề trạng ngữ:
Main clause => Adverbial clause of time
Past => past
Present => present
Future => Present
Note:

+ Present perfect since simple past
+ Simple past since past perfect
+ Past perfect before simple past
+ Simple past after past perfect
I will leave before he comes
Example:
3.Reduce:
Điều kiện để rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian thành phân từ
- Chủ ngữ mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ là một
- Nếu khác chủ ngữ thì chủ ngữ mệnh đề trạng ngữ phải là chủ ngữ chung, ai cũng biết. (Ex: it : trời)
- Nếu mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở:
- Active: ta bỏ chủ ngữ, bỏ “be”, chuyển động từ chính về V-ing
- Passive: ta bỏ chủ ngữ, bỏ “be” giữ lại Past Participle: V-ed/ V3
Example:
They had eaten dinner before they went home
They had eaten dinner, before going home.
When I am reading book, anyone knocks the door.
 When reading book, anyone knocks the door.
II. Adverbial clause of place: (nơi chốn)
1.Conjunction:
where, anywhere, everywhere, wherever S+V, S+V
2. Sự phối hợp thì : mđề chính và mđề trạng ngữ: Giống như Adverbial clause of time (thời gian)
III.Adverbial clause of result: (kết quả)
1.Conjunstion: so….....that / such....…that : quá đến nỗi mà
S+ V+ so + ad j/ adv / (many / much / few / little + Noun) + that + S +V
S +V+ such + ( a/an) adj) +Noun + that +S + V
2.Reduce:

S+ V+ too + adj/adv+ (for Obj) + to infinitive: quá …đến nỗi không thể
S +V+ adj/adv + enough + (for Obj) + to infinitive : …đủ để làm
Wherever I see her, I say hello
Ex:
Ex: The coffee was so hot that we couldn’t drink it.
The coffee was too hot for us to drink .
The coffee was not cold enough for us to drink
3. Sự phối hợp thì: Thì giữa mệnh đề trạng ngữ và mệnh đề chính phải tương ứng
IV.Adverbial clause of reason: (lý do)
1. Conjunction:
because/ since/ as /for( conjunction) + Clause of reason: vì
2. Tense: Thì giữa mệnh đề trạng ngữ và mệnh đề chính phải tương ứng.
Note:
+ Since, as : sử dụng lí do mang tính chất tổng quát.
+ Because, for: chỉ lí do mang tính chất cá nhân
+ Beacause, Since, As: đứng đầu câu hoặc giữa câu và for đứng giữa câu
I couldn’t phone you because I hadn’t got your number.
Ex:
You should talk to Karen since she’s the one responsible for authorizing payments.
3.Reduce:
Because of = due to = thanks to: nhờ (preposition) + phrase of reason
Ex: Because it rains heavily, I don’t go swim.
S + V + Adv
the rain is heavy
S + Be +Adj
I don’t go swim because of the heavy rain.
The +Adj +N
He can’t sleep because he is ill
 We can’t sleep because of his illness / being ill.
V.Adverbial clause of contrast/ concession: (tương phản)
1. Conjunction:
Although, though, even though (mặc dù) , as(tuy nhiên), no matter (dù sao đi nữa), whatever (dù gì), however (dẫu sao), …
a. Mặc dù...nhưng…:
Even though/though/although + Clause of concession
Ex: Although he is tired, he still goes to school.

b.Dù … như thế nào đi nữa:
However + adj/adv S+V, S+V
Ex: However poor they are, they live happily.
c. Tuy:
Adj/adv + as + S+V , S+V
Ex: Poor as they are, they live happily
d. Dù như thế nào đi nữa:
No matter + ( what,which,who,….) S+V, S+V
Ex: No matter who you are, I will punish you.
e. Dù như thế nào đi nữa:
Whatever (N) S + V, S + V
2.How to reduce:
Clause of contrast/ concession ↔ phrase of contrast/ concession
Although/ Though / Even though + Clause of concession
In spite of / Despite + Phrase of concession
Ex: Although his leg was broken, he still took part in the meeting.
S + V
In spite of his broken leg, he still took part in the meeting
Adj + Noun
3. Tense: mệnh đề trạng ngữ và mệnh đề chính phải tương ứng
VI. Adverbial clause of comparison: (so sánh)
+ Short adj/adv: tính từ có 1 vần và 2 vần tận cùng là: y, ow, er, et, le: pretty, narrow, clever, quiet, gentle
+ Long adj/adv : tính từ 2 vần trở lên và tính từ không tận cùng là: y, ow, er, et, le: beautiful, selfish
1.Conjunction:
…as...as.. , …less…than..., …
*So sánh bằng:
Bằng the same + N + as…

Ex: I have the same money as he

…as + adj/adv + as…

Ex: She is as beautiful as (me) I

Không Bằng: not so / as + adj/adv + as…

Ex : She is not as/so beautiful as I.

Kém hơn: …less + adj/adv + than…

Ex: She is less beautiful than I.
b. So sánh hơn:
Short adj/adv:
short adj/adv + er than

Ex: she is nicer than I.
Long adj/adv:
more long adj/adv than

Ex: she is more beautiful than I.
c. So sánh nhất
Short adj/adv:
The short adj/adv + est

Ex: she is the nicest student of three students
Long adj/adv:
the most + long adj/adv

Ex: she is the most beautiful student in my
class
Kém nhất :
the least adj/adv
d. Càng ngày càng:
Short adj/adv:
adj/adv + er and adj/adv + er …

Ex: It is hotter and hotter
Long adj/adv:
more and more + long adj/adv…

Ex: She is more and more intelligent

The + (comparative) + S + V, The + (comparative) + S + V

Ex: The sooner we finish the project,
the sooner we can start the next one
Note: Một số trường hợp cần chú ý tính từ, trạng từ
Good/well ---> better ---> the best
Bad/badly ---> worse ---> the worst
Much/many ---> more ---> the most
Little ---> less ---> the least
Old ---> elder/older ---> the eldest/oldest
Far ---> farther/further ---> farthest/furthest
Near ---> nearer ---> the nearest/ the next
Late ---> later ---> the latest/ the last
Fore ---> former ---> the foremost/the first
VII.Adverbial clause of purpose: (mục đích)
1.Conjunction:
+ so that /in order that : để mà + Clasuse of purpose
+ lest = so that/in order that…not..: để mà ....không
We planned for a long time so that we had a good trip.
Ex:
2. Sự phối hợp thì mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ phải tương ứng
Sau so that thường có Can, May, Must ...+ Bare Infinitive
3.Reduce: to infinitive
so as (not) to infinitive + Phrase of purpose
in order (not) to infinitive
Ex: I learn English so that I can get a good job
=> I learn English In order to get a good job
She jogges everymorning in order that she can lose weight
=> She jogges everymorning so as to lose weight/ so as not
gain weight
VIII. Adverbial clause of manner: (thể cách)
1.Conjunction:
as if / as though… : như thế là...
Ex: He talks as if he were rich
2. Sự phối hợp thì (Tense) mđề chính và mđề trạng ngữ:
S + V + as if /As though + S + V

Present  past subj: V-ed/V2 (bewere)
Past  past perfect subj: had + P.P.

Ex: He asked as if he had been rich
IX. Adverbial clause of condition:
1.Conjunction: if ; if only : giá mà, Dùng như wish
If …not… = unless: nếu..... Không (trừ phi)


Note:
+ Nhấn mạnh If 2, If 3; Ta bỏ If và đảo ngữ
+ If….not = Unless + positive ( present)
+ If Clause trong Reported Speech: If 2; If 3 : Không thay đổi thì động từ
Ex:
If I were in your shoes, I’d accept the post.
=> Were I in your shoes, I’d accept the post
If I had known the truth, I’d have told it to you.
=> Had I known the truth, I’d have told it to you
You will get wet if you don’t bring your rain coat.
=> you will get wet unless you bring your rain coat
She said: “If you were here now, you would understand the whole truth.”
=> She said that if I were here now, I would understand the whole truth
SUBJUNSTIVE MOOD: bằng thái cách là những thì không có thật
+ Present subjunctive: Dùng để diễn tả 1 ao ước, cấu trúc hoặc hành động không có thật ở tương lai
Would +V(-to)
Ex: I wish he would be here tomorrow
+ Past subjunctives: Dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động không có thật ở hiện tại
V- ed/ C 2 (be→were)
Ex: “Are we lost?”
“I think so. I wish we were bringing a map with us today”
Được dùng trong những trường hợp sau:
+ Câu ao ước(wish), câu điều kiện, mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thể cách, sau : It is high time S+V
It is time S+V
Ex: It’s time we started.
sau : would rather S+V
It is essential + S + V (present subjunctive)
necessary + S + V (present subjunctive)
+ Past perfect subjunctive: Dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động không có thật ở qúa khứ
had + P.P
Ex: I wish I had not stayed at home yesterday
Ex: It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
EXERCISES1 :
3/ Although it is very cold, we go swimming.
→ Despite being very cold we go swimming.
4/ Even though I was tired, I try to finish her report.
→ In spite of being tired, I try to finish her report
1/ Because it were rain, we didn’t go out.
→ Because of rainy, we didn’t go out .
2/ He got bad marks as he was lazy.
→ He got bad marks due to his laziness.
5/ I learn English very well so that I get a good job.
→ I learn English very well to get a good job.
6/ I study hardly in order that I was apply the university.
→ I study hardly so as to apply the university.

→ This song is so simple that all of us can sing it.
8/ He is too young to drive the car.
→ He is so young that he drive the car.


→ The house was too expensive for my brother to buy.
10/ This bear is so pretty that I buy it.
→This bear is pretty enough for me to buy.


EXERCISES2 :
1/ Yesterday the temparature was nine degrees. Today it’s only 6 degrees
→ It’s colder today than it was yesterday
2/ It’s a very nice room.
→ It is the nicest room in the hotel
7/ This song is simple enough for all of us to sing.
9/ The house was so expensive that my brother couldn`t buy it