Unit 6: language

Global warming

greenhouse gas

emission

infectious diseases

Global warming

Carbon footprint

ecological balance

deforestation

heat-related illness

ecological
balance

heat-related
illnesses

carbon
footprint

emissions

infectious
diseases

climate
change

carbon footprint
1. Having measured the company's ____________________, they realised
that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) it produced was great
2. Scientists have warned about the relationship between climate change
infectious diseases
and the spread of ________________________

ecological
balance

heat-related
illnesses

emissions

climate
change

emissions
3. A large amount of carbon dioxide _____________ are released into
the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels
4. Deforestation is one of the biggest environmental threats to
ecological balance
the______________________   in the world

heat-related
illnesses

climate
change

5. As global temperatures rise, there are more cases of
heat-related illnesses
__________________________
6. Although global warming is causing changes in weather patterns, it is
climate change
only one aspect of ___________________

Intonation on
yes-no &
echo questions

1. Do you agree with me?
2. A: Most of the environmental problems
are man-made
B: Man-made?

AN ECHO QUESTION is a type of question that repeats part or all of a
sentence that someone has just said_ We use echo questions when we do
not completely hear or understand what speaker has said, or when we
want to express surprise or doubt.
Echo questions are usually spoken with a rising intonation.
We usually expect the speaker to repeat / confirm the information.
RISING Intonation on echo questions and yes-no questions

Activity 1

listen and repeat these sentences,
paying attention to their rising intonation

1. Do you agree with me?
2. Can you talk about the effects of global warming?
3. Do you think that we can reduce our carbon footprint?
4. It is true that global warming is getting worse?
5. Are most of the environment problems caused by

Activity 2

Listen and mark [ rising intonation ⤻ ] on the echo
questions. Then practise read the exchanges

1. A: Most of the environmental problems are man-made.
B: Man-made?
2. A: Scientists are concerned about the effects of global
warming.
B: Scientists are concerned about what?
3. A: I cycle to work every day.
B: You do?
4. A: By 2050, rising temperatures could lead to the extinction
of a million species.
B: The extinction of a million species?
5. A: In order to save our environment, we should reduce our
use of paper products.

Find sentences with HAVING
V3/ed in GETTING STARTED

In the past , a lot of industries denied having contributed to global warming
PERFECT GERUND
PERFECT PARTICIPLE
Having treated the environment irresponsibly, humans now
have to suffer the effects of global warming

Having planned the content, we're now looking for supporting information
PERFECT PARTICIPLE

PERFECT PARTICIPLES
• FORM: having + past participle
• USE: make the sentence simpler and shorter by reducing clauses of reasons
• EXPRESS: sequencing, if there are more than two actions, this participle happens first

EXAMPLES :
1. After we boarded the plane, we fell asleep
Having boarded the plane, we fell asleep
2. After we landed, we took a cab and went to the city centre
Having landed, we took a cab and went to the city centre

Rewrite the sentences, using
perfect participles in clauses of
time and reason
1. After we identified the causes of global warming, we worked out
some solutions to reduce its effects
Having identified the causes of global warming,
we worked out some solutions to reduce its
effects
2. Since they have used up the fossil fuel resources in their country,
they have to find some types of alternative energy
Having used up the fossil fuel resources in their country,
they have to find some types of alternative energy

Rewrite the sentences, using
perfect participles in clauses of
time and reason
3. Because local people have cut down the forests to make way for
farming, now they have to suffer severe floods
Having cut down the forests to make way for
farming, now local people have to suffer severe
floods
4. After we read the report on how the burning of petrol in cars
contributes to climate change, we decided to sell our car and get a
bicycle instead
Having read the report on how the burning of petrol in cars
contributes to climate change, we decided to sell our car
and get a bicycle instead

Rewrite the sentences, using
perfect participles in clauses of
time and reason
5. Because farmers had been informed about the bad effects of
chemical fertilisers, they started using them sparingly on their farms
Having been informed about the bad effects of
chemical fertilisers, the farmers started using
them sparingly on their farms
6. After we talked with the environmentalist, we changed our attitude
to nature
Having talked with the environmentalist, we changed our
attitude to nature

Rewrite the sentences, using
perfect participles in clauses of
time and reason
7. Since people have ignored warnings about global warming for more
than 20 years, they have to suffer its effects now
Having ignored warnings about global warming for
more than 20 years, people have to suffer its
effects now
8. After we had learnt that humans are responsible for global
warming, we were determined to reduce our carbon footprint
Having learnt that humans are responsible for global
warming, we were determined to reduce our carbon
footprint

PERFECT gerunds
o FORM: having + past participle
o USE: make the sentence simpler and shorter, used as an OBJECT
-

Verb + [object] + preposition + perfect gerund: apologise for, accuse of, admire
for, congratulation on, thanks for, suspect of, punish for, praise for

-

Verb + perfect gerund: deny, admit, forget, mention, remember, recall, regret

EXAMPLES :
1. I am grateful for having made the mistakes I made. It made me
a better person
2. Last night, my driver admitted having stolen some cash from
my wallet a few days back

Combine the sentences, using
the perfect gerunds
1. In the Tree Planting Competition, the students in Group 11G planted
the most trees in the schoolyard. They were praised for that
The students in Group 11G were praised for
having planted the most trees in the schoolyard in
the
Tree Planting Competition
2. Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park. The police
suspected Mike of doing it
The police suspected Mike of having cut down
the oldest tree in the park

Combine the sentences, using
the perfect gerunds
3. He had dumped lots of rubbish onto the beach. He denied it
He denied having dumped lots of rubbish onto
the beach
4. You had saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Thank you for
that
Thank you for having saved the lives of hundreds
of wild animals
5. They had hunted and killed many wild animals. Later they regretted
what they had done
They regretted having hunted and killed many
wild animals

Combine the sentences, using
the perfect gerunds
6. The factory had dumped tons of toxic waste into the river. It was
heavily fined for that
The factory was heavily fined for having dumped
tons
of toxic waste into the river
7. Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities. He
was rewarded for that
Denis was rewarded for having taken an active part in the
Green Summer activities

Choose the sentence which is
closed in meaning to the original
one
1. Because I was walking quickly, I
soon caught up with her.
A. Walking quickly, I soon caught up with her.
B. To walk quickly, I soon caught up with her.
C. Having walked quickly, I soon caught up with her.

D. Being walked quickly, I soon caught up with her.

Choose the sentence which is
closed in meaning to the original
one
2. After fighting the fire for 12 hours, the firemen
succeeded in putting it out
A. The fireman managed in vain to put the fire out after a 12-hour fight
B. Having fought the fire for 12 hours, the firemen were able to put it out
C. The firemen wasted 12 hours putting the fire out
D. Fighting the fire for 12 hours, the fire was put out

Choose the sentence which is
closed in meaning to the original
one
3. I closed all the windows and then locked the
door

A. Having closed all the windows, I locked the door.
B. Having closed all the windows, then the door was locked.
C. Having locked the door, I closed all the windows.

Choose the sentence which is
closed in meaning to the original
one
4. .“That policeman had hidden the special statue
in a wooden box, but he denied this."
A. That policeman denied to have hidden the special statue in a wooden box
B. That policeman denied had hidden the special statue in a wooden box
C. That policeman denied having hide the special statue in a wooden box
D. That policeman denied having hidden the special statue in a wooden box