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INTRODUCTION OF VIETNAMESE
1
VIETNAMESE CHANGE
2
INTERNAL CHANGE
3
VIETNAMESE ACHIEVEMENT
4
HOW DOES VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE CHANGE?
I. Introduction of Vietnamese
Vietnamese :
official language.

native language of the Vietnamese

as a first or second language by many ethnic minorities.

vocabulary has been borrowed from many countries

the alphabet used today is Latin alphabet.
II. VIETNAMESE CHANGE

1/ Lexical borrowing

A. Borrowing all words after that transcribed into Vietnamese without changing meaning

a/ Borrowed from Chinese

More than thousand years of Chinese domination, Chinese has left a large percentage of Chinese loanwords for Vietnamese.

Many words of Chinese has been domesticated suitable for Vietnamese’s pronunciation and the Vietnamese.

It’s called the Sino-Vietnamese script



Some “Han-Viet” standard words:

History : 歷史 Culture: 文化

Some words corresponding with Chinese:

vị (味): mùi
phóng (放): buông
vũ (舞): múa
vãn (晚): muộn
giải (解): cởi
khoa (夸): khoe

(Wikipedia – từ mượn)


b/ Borrowed from French

Vietnam has been the colony of France for over 80 years.

Have borrowed many words to refer to some concepts that are not in Vietnamese.

Has been changed in both pronunciation and script to match the characteristics of Vietnamese.
For ex:

Food and Beverage: Bière, cacao, café, crème, carotte…

Dress: maillot, chemise, veston …

Medicine and Pharmacy: Acide, lipide, vaccin, vitamine,...

Musical Instrument : guitare, mandoline, violon...etc

Others : savon, balcon, tube…

(Wikipedia – từ mượn)




c/ Borrowed from English
English is common in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam War .

Most people learn to communicate with each other, called “Pidgin English”.

Considered the international language of communication.

English is obliged in the general education program and also used widely.

( Wikipedia- Ta Quang Khoi)
Many Vietnamese words borrowed from English.

Ex:
Fan: người hâm mộ
TV: Ti vi
Liveshow: truyền hình trực tiếp
Teen: giới trẻ


(google – giải đáp)
d/ Borrowed from the other sources:

Vietnamese were borrowed from other countries

German for example: bunker (boong-ke),… 

Russian such as : большевик (bôn-sê-vích), советский ( Xô Viết) ,...

Chinese: 雜貨(chạp phô), 抵制 (tẩy chay), 司機(tài xế), 幸運 (lì xì), 香腸 (lạp xưởng),…(just in phonological borrowing, not in meaning borrowing).
(Wikipedia)
B. Borrowing elements or borrow a word in another language, combining with available elements to create new words.

Ex:

canh + gác (garde – gốc Pháp) → canh gác
khăn + piêu (gốc Thái) → khăn piêu
làng + bản (gốc Tày Nùng) → làng bản

(ngonngu.net)

C. Reforming the meaning of the word (borrowing form, but give it a different meaning from its inherent)

Ex: Chinese→ Vietnamese
Tử tế: chu đáo, cặn kẽ
Hãnh diện: lên mặt, hợm hĩnh, tỏ thái độ kiêu ngạo

(ngonngu.net)
2/ Phonological borrowing
In the first period of AD, Vietnamese-Muong language group-> did not have tone

Later has developed high tone

6th century -> has 3 tones

12th century  has six tones -> maintained until now.
3/ Cause of borrowing


The need of finding words for new objects, concepts, and places, …It is easier to borrow an existing term from another language than to make one up.

Ex
ô tô buýt (autobus)
Ki-lô-mét (kilometer)
phô mai (fromage)





The path of lexical borrowing reflect to a certain extent the paths of cultural influence.
Ex
buffet (tiệc buýp phê, tiệc đứng)
sushi (món sushi của Nhật)
halloween (lễ ha-lô-win của các nước phương Tây)
The domination of foreign countries in Vietnam with more than thousand years during the war

The need of borrowing the prestige words for the others country to express the meaning with more formal

Ex: hi sinh  chết
an tọa  ngồi
lâm bồn  sinh, đẻ
từ trần  chết
4/ Results of borrowing

Positive: borrowing additional terms contribute to the missing word, making Vietnamese richer and more diverse, integrate with the others country

Ex:
ballad (nhạc ba lát, trữ tình)
 pedan (bàn đạp, pê đan)



Negative: the abuse of using foreign languages in Vietnamese’s daily life.

Ex:
ok (được)
bye (tạm biệt)
hi (xin chào)
III. INTERNAL CHANGE
1/ The loss of lexical change
Han Script
entered into Vietnam on the way cultural exchanges starting from the first millennium BC.
become a means to record and communicate Vietnamese people since the first century AD onwards.
By the seventh century - XI Han script are widely used in Vietnam.
Nom script
Although kanji has strong vitality, it could not get a response, requirements of Vietnamese to show their feelings and thoughts.
Nom script was born to compensate where Kanji could not meet.

Vietnamese Script( National Language):
official system of Vietnamese today
based on the Latin alphabet (specific directly from Portugal)
At this moment, Vietnamese’s alphabet has 33 letters:

A Ă Â B C D Đ E Ê F G H I J K L M N O Ô Ơ P Q R S T U Ư V W X Y Z

Moreover, there are 10 double and 1 triple letter:

CH GH GI KH NG NGH NH PH TH TR QU
Using these factors, the materials and rules are available in our national language to construct new words.




2 / Addition of lexical item

a/ Analogy method
Renew some structures to follow Vietnamese

Ex:
• Bidon – bình tông (same average volume, teapot,...)
• Cresson - watercress (same broccoli, mustard,...)

b/ Shorten a phrase, or longer, to form a new word.
Ex:



c/ Formatting new words by putting letters (sounds) at the beginning or end of a word in a phrase together.
Ex:
TU: Trung ương
UBND: Ủy ban nhân dân
NĐCP: Nghị định chính phủ

d/ Formatting new words by converting part of speech is available
Ex: dùng  người dùng

(ngonngu.net)
IV. VIETNAMESE ACHIEVEMENT:

Create new words suitable for the demands and requirements to show feelings and thoughts of Vietnamese people.
1. Nom Script
Appeared in Vietnam in the 13 century and it was used as Vietnamese script at that time.

Difficult to write, to read, and to remember

Used by educated people, poem,…

Vietnamese`s literature and history had achieved many developments




Some typical achievement :
"Thiền Tông Bản Hạnh“, “Hịch Tây Sơn”.












(daitudien.net)
"Truyện Kiều" written
by Nguyen Du

2. Pure Vietnamese and other hybrid language
a. The Origin
Came from Southern area, Tay Thai

Playing a part of controlling and governing the activities of other word classes related to Vietnamese.

Has the corresponding, complex relationship with multiple language groups in the area.




Ex:
Corresponding Vietnamese-Muong: vợ, chồng, ông, ăn,…

Corresponding Vietnamese-Tay Thai: đường, rẫy, bắt, bóc, buộc,…

Corresponding Vietnamese-Muong language group to Bru-Van Kieu:  trời, trăng, đêm, bụng,…

(Wikipedia – Tiếng Việt)

b. Pure Vietnamese and the other hybrid languages

Many words of Chinese had been domesticated to suit for the pronunciation and for the Vietnamese.

Added a different nuance meaning to match Vietnamese.

Using in daily life, Vietnamese words have characters like communication words.


Ex
From Chinese to Pure Vietnamese

“giáo viên” -> “người dạy học”, “người cùng làm”

Some pair words Sino-Vietnamese, Pure Vietnamese:

“Xuất huyết”  “chảy máu”
“Từ trần”  “chết”

(Wikipedia – từ Thuần Việt)
Because of the domination in many
years by many countries, and the culture and economic exchange, Vietnamese has changed a lot, and until now it continues.

Let’s preserve and promote the purity of Vietnamese.

The end.
THANK FOR your WATCHING and listening!
HAVE A NICE DAY!