Chapter 7:
Instructor : Lê Minh Hà
Group 5:
Đỗ Thị Hương- 11128042
Nguyễn Thị Thiện Mỹ-11128063
Cao You Qúy Hên-11159002
Vũ Khánh Hạ-11128029
Phạm Thị Phương An-11128002
Phạm Thùy Phương Kim-11128049

Language change
Contents:
A. Borrowing
I. Lexical borrowing
II. Syntactic and Phonological Borrowing
III. Causes of Borrowing
IV. Effects of Borrowing
B. Internal change
I. Lexical change
II. Rule change
C. Change and language acquistion
I. Lexical Borrowing



1. The influence of other languages :
Spanish: “Patio” English: “Patio”
2. Loan translation:
French: “Ca va sans dire”
English: “That goes without saying”.
3. Combining lexcial items figuratively:
English: skyscraper
French: Gratte - ciel
Spanish: Rascacielos
German: Wolkenkratzer
A. Borrowing
Skypecraper
II. Syntactic and Phonological Borrowing:
There are following cases:
1.Syntac: some of the Balkan languages lack infinitives entirely.
The children want that they live.
Instead of : The children want to live.
2. Phonology:
-The American Indian languages of the Pacific Northwest have glottal zed consonants.
-Indo-European languages of India have a retroflex consonants.
III. causes of borrowing
1
2
3

1. FIND NEW WORDS FOR NEW OBJECTS, CONCEPTS, AND PLACES.

Barely
used
◙ TAKEN FROM INDIAN

II.cultural influence.

Borrowing Italian words in arts and music.
Science
English borrowed Arabic words in

influence from dominant, expert country in particular fields

+ English borrowed Arabic words in Science



-Algebra
-Cotton
-Alcohol
-Cipher (zero)
-Alchemy













/al-jabr/
/qutun/
/sifr/


/alkīmiyā/
الجبر
,قُطْن , ص, -الكحو صفر
الكيمياء
original arabic algebra english version
LATIN AND GREEK PRESTIGE IN SCHOLARSHIP AND SCIENCE
Classical language:
Sociology, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, biology

Words starting with Latin words:
Prefix“ex”: “out of, from”Exact, exclude, explore, export, extend, extinc

Suffix”able,ible”:“ capable of or suitable for”
eatable, favorable, answerable, bearable.
edible,eligible,exhaustible,fallible,flexible.

Great prestige of one culture affects language borrowing (common cause )
France: a common place for high society and upper classes.


Russians used French expressions in their conversations




douche - душ
plage - пляж
garage - гара́ж
bagage – бага́ж
virage – вира́ж
couchette - куше́тка

english loan words in modern french
3. the conquest of invaders
Roman invaded Europe
Norman
French =>english
NORMAN INVADED ENGLAND


4. effects of borrowing
an important impact on phonological language system
.
Make borrowed words fit the phonological system.

But
Not completely assimilated (be adapted) to the phonological system of the borrowing language.













Voiced fricatives



What are fricatives?
A fricative is a consonant sound that is created by constricting the vocal tract, causing friction as the air passes through it. [v z f ʒ]
RESULT:
different



Arabic loan words
Native Turkish words
Phonological rules
The Partitioning of vocabulary
Another rule
Ex:Vowel harmony rule- vowels of a word are all back vowels or all front vowels
B. INTERNAL CHANGE
internal change
Lexical Changes
Rule Changes
Semantic
Syntactic systems of a language
Phonological

Individual lexical items
General rules

Internal change:
Affects
Occurs
The simplest form of IC :
the addition of lexical item
the loss
Have become absolete
THE LOSS OF LEXICAL ITEMS
Havefallen out of fashion.
Archaisms
THE LOSS OF LEXICAL ITEMS
Ex:
think
trow
Agree
Congree

Cere  Wax
Maumet  Idol
Neat  Cattle

Lo  Lo and behold (used for calling attention to a surprising /annoying thing)
Fro  To and fro (backwards and forwards)

a
THE LOSS OF LEXICAL ITEMS
Ex:
courting
new
wireless
radio
new
dating
Naming: egbert, Bertha
With humorous intent: zounds, egad.

Certains words fall into disfavor and disuse

The process of the loss of lexical items:
The process is a gradual one.
 drop from sight little by little until
 disappear completely
THE ADDITION OF LEXICAL ITEMS
Ex: TRADE NAME
From existing morphemes: Rambler, Thunderbird, Mustang
Ex: TRADE NAME
Proper name: Ford, Edsel
Henry Ford (1863- 1947)
Edsel Bryant Ford (1893-1943)
Modeled after existing morphemes
Ex: TRADE NAME
Lux
luxury
Ex: TRADE NAME
Modeled after existing morphemes
Brilliant
Brillo
Ex: TRADE NAME
Modeled after existing morphemes
Gelatin
Jelly
Jello
Slang: Seem to be an important source


Hip/hep
Mooch
Fink
Barf
Inconclution
Most term have some relation to existing lexical items.

or

Often consist of old lexical items.
The creation of complex lexical items
Obtaining new terms
hippie
The older morpheme
hip
y/ie

The diminutive suffix
Ex:
sonny
The older morpheme
son
The diminutive suffix
y/ie
Ex:
nik
sputnik
beatnik
peacenik
vietnik
Ex:
burger
cheeseburger
chilliburger
pizzaburger
ham
burger
hamburger
The metaphorical side of language
Semantic change
The extension of existing lexical items
The metaphorical side of language
Scientific terminology

Ex1:
wave
:a raised line of water that moves across the surface of the sea, ocean
Electromagnetic wave: the form in which some types of energy such as light, sound, heat, ect. travel
belt: a long narrow piece of leather, cloth,etc. that you wear around the waist.
radiation belt: heat, energy, etc. that is sent out in the form of rays around the Earth.
Slang:
LSD: an illegal drug that makes you see things that do not exist.
LSD trip: If it`s a good trip, the person will spend most of his/her time watching colors fly around them while laughing or looking amazed. If it`s a bad trip, the person could be filled with fear and anxiety. It`s amazing how a trip can go from good, to bad, and even back to good very suddenly.
Use a proper name to designate a new product:
Favorable connotations
Pure Oil
propagandistic
Arbitrary choice
Over a period of centuries
A great many of the lexical items of a language
Meaning
Nice  foolish
Silly  happy, blessed, innocent
Cheek  jaw
Meat  food
Bird  birdling, young bird
Bead  prayer
Ex:
1.Changes in syntactic representation
Semantic change
2. Extentions in morpheme
Paul and Mary came

Mary came with Paul

‘I’he car and the truck collided

The truck collided with the car

The water and the oil mixed

The oil mixed with the water

Ex:
come
collide
mix
1.Changes in syntactic representation

Be + a noun phrase
Harvey and I are a team
I’m a team with Harvey
Harvey and I are enemies
I’m enemies with Harvey
Harvey and I are friends
I’m friends with Harvey
Friend is an exception
Certain words have undergone changes in their syntactic representation
2. Extentions in morpheme
The manager upped the prices.
Verb
The manager raised the prices.
He downed the medicine.
He drank the medicine.
Verb
Syntactic Change
Semantic Change
When a morpheme is extended to new syntactic class, it acquires a new meaning.
Syntactic change and Semantic change accompany one another.
Changes in phonological representations
often
/t/
/f/
brethren
brothers
ox
oxen
oxes
spelling
RULE CHANGES

They may add, eliminate, or modify the existing rules.
Changes occur:
- Syntactic system ( sentence structures)
- Phonological system ( sound )

Examples for syntactically changes:
Ce livre est le mien livre
Noun. Del: le mien livre → le mien
Ce livre est le mien
Article Del: le mien livre→ mien livre
Phono. Rule: mon livre
Ce livre est mon livre
The negative form not
Modern English
Old English



Ex:
Grammatical:
He cannot come. He has not come.
Ungrammatical: He comes not. He likes not
Ex: It aperteneth nat to a wys man
→ “not” follows aperteneth

Ex: Yff the maters went not to my maister entent
→ “not” follows went
syntactic rules for the position of “not” have changed

Not can come after certain verb words (modals verb).
Changes in phonological rules in English
There is a little relation in the way of in inflection.
NOUN
Verb and pronuon
To love
latin
Modern English
adjective
•Old English: a blonde girl
a blond boy
•Modern English: Nice boy
Nice girl
Exception: comparative and negative form ( big, biggest)
Examples for phonological changes:
Where is the stress in Latin and French
Latin
Antepono (I prefer)
Adversus (opposite)
Difficilis (difficult)
Bene(well)
Res(thing)
French
Ami(friend)
Cheval(horse)
Finira(he will finish)
Exception:
Femme (woman)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Phonological change
Latin
Mare
Sal
Clarus
French
Mer
Sel
Clair
C. CHANGE AND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
hippie
OR
hippie
Time flow by……
hippie
hippie
hippie
hippie
hippie
1) LEXICAL ITEMS CHANGES :
Most new lexical items spread and come into general use slowly
Speakers may master a new lexical item only gradually
When its use is more widespread =>
People realize what it means

Conclusion
2) RULES CHANGES
Changes in the rules even more slowly than do lexical changes
Lexical items spread people encounter it many times They pick it up It belongs to their linguistic system ( not include phonological rule)
Pin Pen
/Pin /
/Pin/
English had undergone a phonological change
It takes a very long time (decades or centuries) to adopt the innovation in phonological system
3) LANGUAGE LEARNING
ADULTS: have limited linguistic flexibility.
CHILDREN:
seem to have a special gift for learning language.
their brains have more elasticity than those of adults.
their brains are not “formed” yet
Children learning language easier than adults.
Is it right or wrong??
ADULT
CHILDREN
Phonologycal rules
Lexical items
Grammar
Meanings
Words
Sentences
Previous linguistic experience
- Remain the system of rules acquired when they were first learning to talk
Recognize changes as an innovation
- Don’t have previous linguistic experience that the innovations were lacking.
Learn the new rules as an integral part of the linguistic system he acquires
The linguistic system that the child constructs for himself simpler than the corresponding system of adults
Imperfect learning
CAUSES OF RESTRUCTURING THE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM