WELCOME TO
OUR PRESENTATION
LEXICOLOGY


Group 2
Đỗ Văn Hùng
Nguyễn Thúy Kiều
Nguyễn Thị Thuý
Nguyễn Ngọc Ly
Huỳnh Lê Minh Trung
COMPOSITION
Outline
I. Definition
II. Aspects of composition
1. Structural aspect
a. Neutral compounds
b. Morphological compounds
c. Syntactic compounds
2. Semantic aspect
3. Semi-affixes
III. The criteria for distinguishing between a compound and a word combination
1. The graphic criterion
2. The semantic criterion
3. The phonetic criterion
4. The morphological and syntactic criteria
IV. Exercises

Definition
Composition is the type of word- building, in which new words are produced by combining two or more stems.
EX : blackboard, handwash, ...
Aspects of composition
There are at least three aspects of composition that present special interest
1. Structural aspect
2. Semantic aspect
3. Semi-affixes
Structural aspect
 Compounds are not homogeneous in structure.
Traditionally three types
are distinguished: neutral, morphological and
syntactic
Neutral compounds
Neutral compounds are produced by a mere juxtaposition of two stems without any linking elements
Ex: email, brown eyed ...
There are three subtypes of neutral compounds depending on the structure of the constituent stems.
Neutral compounds
Simple neutral compounds

Ex: sunflower, bedroom, tallboy
 Simple neutral compounds are combination of two or more affixless stems.
Neutral compounds
Derivational compounds
Ex: absent-mindedness, blue-eyes, music-lover ...
 Compounds which have affixes in their structure are called derived or derivational compounds
Neutral compounds
Contracted compounds
Ex: TV-set, V-day, H-bag....
The words have a shortened stems in their structure are called contracted compounds.
Morphological compounds
 Morphological compounds consist of words with vowel or consonant as a linking elements
Ex: Anglo-Saxon, handiwork, spokesman, Afro-Asian
Syntactic compounds
A group of words condensed into one word is called syntactic compounds
Ex: merry-go -round, lily-of-the-valley
The structure of most compounds betrays the origin of these words from word-combinations
Ex: mother-in-law, up-and-up
Semantic aspect
There are three groups
 Compounds whose meanings can really be described as the sum their constituent meanings
Ex: Classroom, bedroom, working-man, sleeping-car
 The meanings of the whole word can not be defined as the sum of the constituent meanings
Ex: Blackboard, blackbird, football, pickpocket, chatterbox...
Semantic aspect
The process deducing the meanings of the whole from those of the continents are impossible. The key to meaning seems to have irretrievably lost
Ex: ladybird, tallboy, butter-finger
The 2nd and 3rd group listed above are called idiomatic compounds, in contrast to the first group known as non-idiomatic compounds
Semi-affixes
Ex: chairman, countryman, Portman, policeman, ladylike, manlike, suchlike...
“ Man” & “like” are independent words, having distinctive meanings, but here they lose their grammatical independence and even their meaning “chairman” is not always a man.
Such words can be called “semi affixes”. They have generalized lexical meaning and great ability to be combined with a great number or roots.
The criteria for distinguishing between a compound and a word combination

The graphic criterion

This criterion means that we can rely on the spelling of a word to discriminate between free word groups and compounds
If that word group is spelt with a hyphen or with no separation at all, it is a compound.
Ex: daughter-in-law, day-school, base-ball
The graphic criterion
 However, the spelling of many compounds can be varied even within the same book.
 Sometimes a word may be spelt in three ways.
Ex: Airline........air-line........air line
The semantic criterion
According to this criterion, a compound word
only expresses a single idea despite the fact that
it consists of two or more words. The meaning of
the whole compound word is not the sum of the
meaning of its components.
Ex: Greenhouse # green house
However, this criterion is insufficient because in
the number of causes it is difficult to decide
whether there is only one single idea: window
cleaner, Anglo-Saxon
The phonetic criterion
The phonetic criterion for compounds may be treated as that of a single stress. The criterion is convincingly applicable to many compound nouns, yet does not work with compound adjectives.
Ex: tallboy, slowcoach
blue-eyed, ill-mannered
The morphological and syntactic criteria
The morphological and syntactic criteria can be applied to compound words in order to distinguish them word-groups
Ex: tallboy
The constituent parts of the word-group other words can be inserted:
Ex: tall boy ……..tall handsome boy
Which word belongs to “simple neutral compounds”
1. A. M-Day B. Radio-equipped car
C. Classroom D. skyscraper
2. A. long-legged B. T-shirt
C. Teenager D. handbag
3. A. X-ray B. teapot
C. salesman D. Afro-Amerrican
Which word belongs to “Derivational compounds”?
1. A. sevan-coloured B. lamp-port
C. TV- set D. handiwork
2. A. bathroom B. honeymooner
C. Math-teacher D. speedometer
Which word belongs to “ contracted compounds”?
A. film-star B. music-lover
C. H-bomb D. heart- broken
2. A. V- day B. go-getter
C. hot-dog D. big-bellied
Which word belongs to “ morphological compounds”?
A. baseball B. railway
B. light-street D. statesman
A. one-stringed B. speedometer
C. topcoat D. store-keeper
Thanks for your attention