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UNIT 11
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Task I
Listen to the audio and check how advanced your Australian English is.
GETTING READY
Words from Down Under
The exchange student says, “I’m glad to be soaking up new knowledge in uni here!” What does she mean?
a. She is happy to be a unique member of the class.
b. She loves wearing her school uniform.
c. She enjoys attending university here.
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2
A new acquaintance asks you, “How are you going?” What is his question?
a. Where are you going?
b. How are you doing?
c. Do you have a map?
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Task I
Listen to the audio and check how advanced your Australian English is.
GETTING READY
Words from Down Under
It’s Friday night, and your Australian friend suggests you two go into the big smoke. What is he recommending?
a. That you go downtown
b. That you go outside for a smoke
c. That you set off fireworks
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4
A shopper asks you what aisle the dead horses are in. She wants to know . . .
a. where the frozen foods are.
b. where the ketchup is.
c. where the meat section is.
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GETTING READY
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Task II
Replace the words in bold with the choices in the box. Change the forms of the words if necessary.
GETTING READY
dialect terminology aboriginal overwhelming reserved
1. The journal is difficult to read because it contains scientific words and expressions (______________).
2. The book depicts the story of the native (____________) tribes in Canada’s northern region.
3. Even though English is the native language of both countries, the local speech (____________) in America and the UK are different.
4. Surprisingly, Oscar-winning actor Tom Hanks used to be shy (____________) as a child.
5. The class was so intense (_______________) that many students withdrew from it.
terminology
aboriginal
dialects
reserved
overwhelming
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Task III
The verbs in bold describe different ways of speaking. Match each word or phrase with its definition.
GETTING READY
a
b
c
d
口 The actress looked embarrassed when she stumbled over the name of her movie character.
口 The man mumbled a few words, but no one heard what he was saying.
口 He started to stammer after witnessing the car crash. He must have been really shocked.
口 They chattered away happily all night long, as they hadn’t seen each other for months.
a
b
c
d
c
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VOCABULARY DRILL
A. Listen Up
Help the school admissions office finish the questionnaire with words from the audio.
Incoming Students’ Language Assessment

Rate your language level.





How would you describe language learning?



If you were to select a career that utilizes your language skills, what would you choose?



rticulat
luentl
ediou
nterprete
mbassado
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VOCABULARY DRILL
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VOCABULARY DRILL
B. Word Focus: Language Vocabulary
Look at the excerpt of an interpreter’s résumé. Circle the appropriate words.
Objective:
To work in a challenging position as a(n) 1. interactive / bilingual
Spanish and English interpreter in the Immigration Department
Skills & Qualifications:
◎ 2. Proficient / Intermediate in conveying information between Spanish and English speakers
◎ Able to 3. soak up / articulate everything from day-to-day needs to complicated political views
◎ High 4. acquisition / fluency rate of new terminology
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VOCABULARY DRILL
C. Speak Out Loud
People learn languages for many different reasons. Pair up with a classmate and discuss your own language-learning experience.
Bilingual Celebrities
Listening to an Olympic announcer
broadcast in French inspired Bradley
Cooper to learn the language of love.
Gwyneth Paltrow has always been
fascinated by Spanish culture, and
now she speaks Spanish fluently.
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CONVERSATION CORNER
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CONVERSATION CORNER—REVIEW
A. Complete the Passage
Fill in the blanks with words from the conversation.
When a person has been 1. d____________d with alcoholism, it’s
important that he or she starts treatment immediately. However, it can be difficult to 2. i____________t the desire to drink, especially since alcohol affects one’s judgment. Many alcoholics find joining an Alcoholics Anonymous program to be 3. p____________e when kicking the habit. For one thing, it helps make recovery a 4. p____________y in their lives, as they are required to 5. d____________e adequate time and effort to the program. Recovering alcoholics often say that the program works because it makes them feel more 6. a____________e for their progress. While they do have people to talk to, they must rely on themselves in order to truly recover.
iagnose
nhibi
roductiv
riorit
evot
ccountabl
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CONVERSATION CORNER—REVIEW
B. Use the Phrases
Circle the answers.
1. To polish up his composition skills, ______.
a. Dan attended an additional writing course
b. Dan submitted his paper for publication
2. If all you’re going to do is burn daylight, ______.
a. you may want to put on more sunscreen
b. we’ll never get anything done today
3. Rigorous training will pay dividends ______.
a. if you break your ankle
b. at the championships later this year
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CONVERSATION CORNER—REVIEW
B. Use the Phrases
Circle the answers.
4. When Maggie finally got the hang of knitting, ______.
a. she made her mom a beautiful scarf
b. she still hadn’t learned how to do it properly
5. Even though it was difficult, Ross plugged away at his piano lessons ______.
a. because he was going to quit next week
b. because he hoped to be proficient someday
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CONVERSATION CORNER—REVIEW
C. True or False
Select if the statements are true or false.
1. T  F  Kathy’s professor doesn’t believe that she is a very productive student.
2. T  F  Kathy and Rick agree that switching between languages in a conversation decreases one’s concentration abilities.
3. T  F  Bilingual people have a lower chance of developing mental diseases.
4. T  F  Rick plans to gain fluency in another language.
5. T  F  Kathy thinks that studying languages is a pleasant and effortless experience.
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EXPRESSION PLAZA
A. Wasting Time
• burn daylight
• fool / hang / mess around
• idle (time) away
• goof off
Work with a classmate and discuss how you waste time with the expressions above. Use the dialogue model to help you.
A: I feel like I’m always burning daylight. When I intend to ___________________, I fool around ___________________ instead.
B: I’m not any better. I goof off ___________________ when I should be ___________________.
A: Maybe we can hold each other accountable to avoid _____________________.
B: Good idea!
be productive and study
until the day is gone
on Facebook
practicing my English
all this messing around
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EXPRESSION PLAZA
B. Studying Something
Fill in the appropriate expressions. There may be more than one possible answer.
1. I haven’t figured out the technique of ice-skating yet, but I plan to _____________________.
2. I can’t go out tonight. I need to _____________________ medieval history for my exam tomorrow.
3. Meg is usually great at science, so she’ll _____________________ the concepts.
get the hang of it
bone up on
catch on to
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EXPRESSION PLAZA
C. Persevering and Quitting
Practice giving responses to the following statements with the expressions above.
1. He completes all of his assignments on time, even when they seem impossible to do.
2. I don’t think I will apply to graduate school. I won’t get accepted anywhere.
3. I know I said I’d learn Italian, but it’s too challenging.
That he always plugs away really impresses me. I would have given up by now.
What are you talking about? Just press on with the application process. Don’t throw in the towel yet!
Don’t back out now! You’ve learned so much in the past few weeks. I think you should stay on course.
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EXPRESSION PRACTICE
A. Complete the Handout
Fill in the blanks with words or expressions from the audio. There may be more than one possible answer.
Special Presentation: Workplace Efficiency Speaker: Jamie Glass
Overview: To help improve your 1. ____________, there are some
2. ____________ that should be followed. First, you can be a more efficient worker by setting goals to 3. ____________ and not just
4. _________________ when you should be figuring out what to do next. Then, we will discuss the most common ways people 5. ________________ at work. For example, the top 6. ____________ include cell phones and
7. ____________ e-mails. Finally, you will learn how 8. _________________ in the workplace could cost you your job.
productivity
guidelines
achieve / accomplish
goof off
distractions
personal
burning daylight
fooling around
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EXPRESSION PRACTICE
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EXPRESSION PRACTICE
B. Fill Out the Chart
Decide which speaker could answer each question (Natalie or Kendra) and give your reasons.
Natalie
Kendra
Natalie
Natalie
Natalie has already got the hang of popular culture.
Kendra knows about the natural world and just needs to do a little brushing up.
It would be easier for Natalie to catch on to the arts.
Natalie will dedicate some time to boning up on her geography.
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EXPRESSION PRACTICE
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EXPRESSION PRACTICE
C. Finish the Letter
Fill in the blanks with words or expressions from the audio. There may be more than one possible answer.
Dear Danny,
I can’t believe you’re seriously thinking about 1. ________________ on your stay in Taiwan. You definitely should 2. ________________ with your Chinese studies. After all, this is an amazing opportunity to learn how to acquire a high level of 3. ____________ in the language as long as you keep 4. ________________ at it. I know you are suffering from 5. ____________, but don’t 6. ________________ now. 7. ________________ a new culture can be tough, but try to look on the bright side. You’re being exposed to not only the Chinese
language, but also the stunning scenery of Taiwan. Please think about 8. ________________.
Sincerely,
Paul
throwing in the towel / giving up
press on
proficiency
plugging away
homesickness
get cold feet
Soaking up
staying on course
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EXPRESSION PRACTICE
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GRAMMAR CHECKPOINT
A. Types
Indirect Speech
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GRAMMAR CHECKPOINT
B. Tense Changes
The verb tenses are usually changed in indirect speech.
Indirect Speech
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GRAMMAR CHECKPOINT
Indirect Speech
When we are reporting a statement of fact, use the simple present tense after the reporting verb.
Examples:
• Researchers determined that bilingual people maintain higher levels of brain activity.
• Psychologist Ellen Bialystok said that their symptoms show up four to five years later than average.
U
s
a
g
e
N
o
t
e
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GRAMMAR WORKOUT
A. Rewrite the Sentences
Change the quotations into indirect speech.
1. “Yes, I have eaten there without paying the bill.”
 Thomas confessed _______________________________
2. “Where did the suspect go after the crime occurred?”
 The police inquired about _______________________________
3. “You must see a doctor about your throat infection.”
 Sean convinced his girlfriend _____________________________
4. “Are you telling the truth?”
 The lawyer asked the witness ____________________________
5. “You will be given a total knee replacement.”
 The surgeon informed me that ____________________________
that he had eaten there without paying the bill.
where the suspect went after the crime occurred.
to see a doctor about her throat infection.
if he / she was telling the truth.
I would be given a total knee replacement.
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GRAMMAR WORKOUT
B. Finish the Message
Listen to the audio and help Linda fill in the blank sections.
Dear Jason,
Marty called and left a message for you.
1. He was wondering ________________________________________. (intention)
2. He was told _____________________________________________. (departure)
3. He advised ______________________________________________________. (public transportation)
4. He recommended ____________________________________________________. (automobile)
5. It was reported ____________________, so he suggested _________________. (weather, item)
6. Finally, he said ____________________________________________. (inquiry)
Linda
if you still planned to go on the trip
that the train would leave at 11:30 a.m
that you take bus 31 at the intersection of Main and Second Street
staying off the highway if you decided to drive
that it would rain / the weather would be rainy
that you bring an umbrella
to give him a call if you have any questions
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GRAMMAR WORKOUT
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GRAMMAR WORKOUT
C. Correct the Mistakes
Fix the eight errors in the passage.
Critics have claimed if the translation of Journey to the West by Anthony Yu be a pioneering accomplishment. One commentator noted that by providing extensive notes throughout the book, Yu’s 1952 publication make this legendary tale readily accessible to English speakers. In the story, the Buddha asks a monk and his three companions that they can travel to the Western lands to collect sacred texts. They know what they will face many dangers, but they still agree completing the task. The Buddha warns them not take the challenges lightly. Most of the obstacles are so demanding that readers will wonder why do they continue with the journey at all. However, their trip is successful, just as Yu’s lively translation of this age-old classic.
that
is / was
made
if
that
to take
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Scan the article and write the letter of the communication method
used by each animal.

READING─PRE-READING TASK
a. We perform a series of movements to indicate the location of a food source.
b. We change our appearance based on how we feel.
c. We imitate a variety of sounds, including those not made by animals.
d. We move in threatening ways to defend our territory.
chameleon
mockingbird
honeybee
shark
b
c
a
d
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Many pet owners are quick to say that they can communicate with their beloved animals despite not knowing the same language. Animals aren’t necessarily able to speak in the same way humans can, but they are undoubtedly capable of communicating, not just between themselves but with people as well.
READING
What Did It Say?
p.38
p.39
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Dolphins are known for creating countless sounds, ranging from whistles to clicks. Although people can’t hear the subtle differences, every sound a dolphin makes is quite distinct. Scientists report that dolphins’ language may be just as complex as ours. Of course, they aren’t the only animals to communicate with sounds. The majestic melodies that birds produce can warn others of predators and attract mates. Each species of bird has its own set of calls, but what’s really astonishing is that some birds can become multilingual*. They can understand and mimic the calls of other types of birds. Mockingbirds’ mastery of this skill is so great that they can learn the sounds of other animals, musical instruments, and even machinery!
READING
What Did It Say?
multilingual.
p.38
p.39
35
Other creatures communicate with their bodies and movements. For example, honeybees have one of the most distinctive ways of giving directions—dancing. By using different dance moves, they can let their hive mates know about their discovery of flowers or help lost bees navigate their way back home. Sharks, however, communicate through aggressive gestures. If one shark slams into another, it means that the attacker’s territory is being breached. Color is also important in animal communications, and chameleons use it to their advantage. They change their color to indicate their mood, like when they feel threatened or when they are being protective of their space.
READING
What Did It Say?
p.38
p.39
36
When dog owners talk to their pets, they may not realize how much of what they’re saying is being understood. An acclaimed American psychologist has applied his expertise on the human brain to the study of our canine* companions in order to prove their intelligence. He suggests that the average dog can comprehend around 160 words, which is about the same as a toddler. Some of the most intelligent dog breeds can learn up to 250 words! That’s a pretty impressive vocabulary for man’s best friend.
READING
What Did It Say?
canine
p.38
p.39
37
With the amount of analysis being done on animal communications, it’s obvious that talking to animals isn’t a fantasy that only children want to turn into reality!
READING
What Did It Say?
It’s believed that cats only make sounds to communicate with humans. When they are approached by other animals, they use non-verbal forms of communication. Why do cats interact with humans differently? Can anything be inferred about their intelligence based on this?
Discussion
p.38
p.39
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READING ─AFTER YOU READ
A. Understand from the Context
Write the meaning of the word in bold.
1. The pictures of the majestic mountain range were amazing. We were in awe of the natural beauty of the place.  ____________________
2. The company has earned astonishing profits in the past year. As a result, its stock price continues to soar.  ____________________
3. His mastery of checkers was incredible. He was able to defeat competitors that were much older.  ____________________
4. Henry slammed his head on the table when he fell. It hurt so much that he had to go to the hospital.  ____________________
5. Mark and Jeremy are good traveling companions, as they have compatible personalities and interests.  ____________________
impressive
amazing
expertise, thorough understanding or great skill
hit violently
people you spend lots of time with
P. 33
P. 34
P. 36
P. 37
P. 35
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READING ─AFTER YOU READ
B. Complete the Chart
Fill in the blanks with words from the article.
Fast Facts About Animals
A canine IQ test reveals that the 1. a____________e dog has the mental abilities of a 2. t____________r. Border Collies are one of the most brilliant 3. b____________s.
Bottlenose dolphins use 4. d____________e whistles to
5. n____________e around obstacles. They also 6. m____________c other dolphins’ sounds to attract their attention.
Some chameleons are only capable of making 7. s____________e skin color changes, while others have 8. c____________s shades to choose from.
Dogs show 9. a____________e behavior when they sense their territories are being 10. b____________d or members of their families are in danger.
verag
oddle
reed
istinctiv
avigat
imi
ubtl
ountles
ggressiv
reache
P. 33
P. 34
P. 36
P. 37
P. 35
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READING ─AFTER YOU READ
C. Comprehension Check
Answer the questions.
According to the article, how do
birds communicate?


2. What do honeybees do to
communicate with each other?

3. How do sharks react when they feel
threatened?

4. Why was an American psychologist
studying dogs?

Each species of bird has a distinctive set of calls, and some can even replicate the sounds of other animals, musical instruments, and machines.
They create special dance moves to indicate where flowers are or give directions to lost bees.
They make aggressive gestures to defend their territory.
He wanted to prove their cleverness and know how much human vocabulary they understood.
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WRITING SKILLS
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WRITING SKILLS
Task
Answer the questions about the advertisement below.
Wish you could converse with people from other cultures? Attempted to learn a second language before but it just didn’t stick? Then enroll in The Language Institute, helping people fulfill their language goals since 1975! In our program, you’ll receive one-on-one tutoring to obtain the fastest possible results. Instructors have flexible schedules, so you can study when and where is most convenient for you. Our curriculum is guaranteed to have you chattering away in no time. In fact, if you don’t achieve fluency within six months, we’ll refund your tuition. So call us today—you’ve got nothing to lose!
Learning a Language in a Flash!
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WRITING SKILLS
Task
Answer the questions about the advertisement below.
1. Which kind of readers is the author trying to target?
2. What do readers likely already know about The Language Institute?
3. What kind of language is the writer using to communicate the main point?
4. Which voice is the writer employing?
Wish you could converse with people from other cultures? Attempted to learn a second language before but it just didn’t stick? Then enroll in The Language Institute, helping people fulfill their language goals since 1975! In our program, you’ll receive one-on-one tutoring to obtain the fastest possible results. Instructors have flexible schedules, so you can study when and where is most convenient for you. Our curriculum is guaranteed to have you chattering away in no time. In fact, if you don’t achieve fluency within six months, we’ll refund your tuition. So call us today—you’ve got nothing to lose!
Individuals interested in learning a language
Only that they offer language classes (since they’ve been in business for more than 35 years)
Informal
Second person
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WRITING SKILLS─BEFORE YOU WRITE
Decide which type of writing the following language facts would be found in. Mark C for casual, I for informational, or A for academic.
_______ a I think it’s crazy that language loss can be caused by businesses, but professionals tend to speak more widely used languages.
_______ b Did you know that, according to experts, 50 percent of the world’s 6,000 languages are in danger of extinction?
_______ c You might find it interesting that each endangered language embodies cultural knowledge of the region in which it is spoken.
_______ d These 3,000 endangered languages constitute a largely unknown field that linguists explore.
_______ e It’s too bad that kids just aren’t being taught languages that are only spoken by a few people.
_______ f Linguists document languages at risk by recording speech, noting the grammar, and storing the information.
C
I
I
A
C
A
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WRITING SKILLS─WRITE IT UP
Write a 100-word passage about endangered languages for each of the scenarios described below. The first one has already been done for you.
Scenario 1: Alex missed class today, so his classmate is catching him up via e-mail.
You missed an interesting class today! Professor Guinn talked about endangered languages and said that 50 percent of the world’s 6,000 languages are about to be lost! I guess that, since business professionals usually speak more widely known languages, parents aren’t bothering to teach their kids anything else. So languages slowly die out. Every language has information about the region where it’s spoken. Because of this, experts record these languages to study later. Hopefully, this means history will always have them!
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WRITING SKILLS─WRITE IT UP
Write a 100-word passage about endangered languages for each of the scenarios described below. The first one has already been done for you.
Scenario 2: Miranda’s advisor is sending her information about studying linguistics.
A linguistics major could be a good fit for you. You should know that, due to international companies conducting business in popular languages, parents do not teach their children languages used by only a few speakers. This has led to at least 50 percent of the globe’s 6,000 languages becoming endangered. These 3,000 endangered languages constitute a largely unknown field that you, as a linguist, could explore. You might find it interesting that each endangered language represents cultural knowledge of the region in which it is spoken. That’s why a major component of your job would be documenting them by recording speech, noting the grammar, and storing the information in archives for scholarly study. I hope you’ll consider being a part of the effort!
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WRITING SKILLS─WRITE IT UP
Write a 100-word passage about endangered languages for each of the scenarios described below. The first one has already been done for you.
Scenario 3: Leo is writing a report for Professor Guinn.
As the world becomes more globally connected, people are dropping lesser-known dialects in favor of major languages. Since business is often conducted in widely spoken languages such as English, parents do not go to the extra effort of teaching their children languages used by only a few speakers. These 3,000 endangered languages constitute a largely unknown field that linguists are currently exploring. Linguists document languages at risk of disappearing by recording speech, noting the grammar patterns, and storing the information in archives for scholarly study. Hopefully, this will ensure that the cultural knowledge embodied in endangered languages isn’t lost forever.
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The End