Review
4-1 Past participle
4-2 Forms of the present perfect
4-3 Meanings of the present perfect
4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect
4-5 Using since and for
4-6 Present perfect progressive
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect
4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore
4-9 Past perfect



CONTENTS
4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
REGULAR
VERBS
IRREGULAR
VERBS
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
finish
stop
wait
see
make
put
finished
stopped
waited
saw
made
put
finished
stopped
waited
seen
made
put
4-1 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
stop
go
take
write
stopped
went
took
wrote
stopped
gone
taken
written
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) I have worked very hard this year.

(b) The students have worked hard.

(c) Alex has worked very hard.
POSITIVE: have/has + past participle
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home.

(e) She’s/He’s gone home.

(f) It’s been hot all week.
CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve
pronoun + has =k’s
NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle


4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(g) I have not gone home yet.

(h) Fatima has not gone home.
NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

NEGATIVE CONTRACTION:
have + not = haven’t
has + not = hasn’t

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(g) I haven’t gone home yet.

(h) Fatima hasn’t gone home.
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(j) Has Marcy gone home?

(k) How long have you worked there?
QUESTION :

have/has + subject + past participle
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(l)
SHORT ANSWER:
have/haven’t

Have you read all of this article?
No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages.
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(m)
SHORT ANSWER:
has/hasn’t

Yes, she has. She did it after school.
Has Katie finished her homework?
___________________ a snake?
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Have you ever touched
you
touch
ever
________________



4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
I haven’t.

touch
never
No,
_________________ a shark?
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Has Justin ever seen
Justin
see
ever
Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town,
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
has
South Africa.
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED
BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME
PRESENT PERFECT
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.

(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

(c) Have you ever seen that movie?
occurred before now or
sometime in the past
MEANING #1
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe that movie?
now
time?
X
before now
X
MEANING #1
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.

(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
activity repeated
before now, unspecified past times
MEANING #1
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
now
X
before now
X
X
X
MEANING #1
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN
IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE
PRESENT AND FINISHES AT THE TIME OF SPEAKING.
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(f) We’ve worked since 8 o’clock.

(g) I have played the violin for six years.
I learned to play six years ago, and I still
play it.
present perfect +
since
for
past
present
MEANING #2
4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2:
x
x
x
8:00
now
(f) We’ve worked since 8 o’clock.
SOMETHING BEGAN IN THE PAST ANS IS STILL HAPPENING NOW
I’ve lived here for 10 years. (I’m still living here.)
I’ve found my keys for hours. (I’m still looking for it now.)
SOMETHING HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT ITS RESULT IS STILL IMPORTANT IN THE PRESENT.
Mary: What’s the matter, Ann?
Ann (crying): I’ve lost my purse. All of my money have been there. I don’t have any money left.
USING WITH “JUST” TO TALK ABOUT THE RECENT PAST
I’ve just finished my exam. I’m so happy.
He’s just gone out.
The plane has just taken off.
Do you like some chocolate?
No, thanks. I’ve just eaten.
4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
I had an angel fish
when I was a child.
I have had many other
fish since then.
4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) They have already completed the game.
specific time
unspecified time
4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.
specific time
unspecified time
4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) Eli has camped for 9 days.
(f) Eli has camped since last Monday.
for activity began & ended in past
for / since activity began & continues
4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED
UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
We have been in Tokyo
many times.
OR
UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT
PERFECT
4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED
UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
Barry has never been to Tokyo.
OR
UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT
PERFECT
4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED
UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
Gina went to Tokyo
last month.
OR
SPECIFIED
SIMPLE PAST
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
I have been here since 6:00 AM.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(a) I have worked here
since noon.
since Wednesday.
since April.
since 2006.
since May 9, 2007.
since yesterday.
since last week.
Since
Specific point in time
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.
present perfect + since
present progressive NOT used
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.
present perfect + since
simple present NOT used
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
(e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.
present perfect + since
simple past NOT used
INCORRECT: I was studying English since 2007.
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(f) I have known her since I was fifteen.
MAIN CLAUSE
(present perfect)
SINCE-CLAUSE
(simple past)
(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.
Since
time clause
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(h) I have worked here
for fifty minutes.
for five hours.
for ten days.
for about six weeks.
for almost two months.
for many years.
for a long time.
For
length of time
4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(i) I have worked here for twelve years.
I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it.
(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.
present perfect + for + length of time
past present
simple past
past present
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
Mary has been playing the piano
since ___________.

3 hours
she was six
she was six
Mary has been playing the piano
for ___________.
three hours
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
Alejandro has studied English
since ________________.

he started school
15 years
he started school
Alejandro has studied English
for __________________.
fifteen years
4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
I have driven a taxi _____ 2006.
for
since
since
My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years.
for