Relative clause
Mệnh đề quan hệ
Mr. Anh
Caùc ñaïi töø quan heä laø: WHO, WHOM,WHOSE, WHICH, THAT, OF WHICH, WHY, WHERE, ….
WHO chæ ngöôøi vaø laøm chuû ngöõ:
Thí duï: The woman who was interviewed yesterday has been given the job.
This is his uncle, who is a lawyer.
WHOM chæ ngöôøi vaø laøm taân ngöõ.
Thí duï: The man to whom you spoke is famous.
The man whom you spoke to is famous.
The man whom you know is in charge of ø this department.







WHICH chỉ vật có thể làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ .
Thí dụ: The car which had been lost was found.
The flat which we live in is comfortable.
Or: The flat in which we live is comfortable
WHICH có thể thay cho cả câu đứng trước đó. Mệnh đề phụ tính từ được gọi là mệnh đề kết nối (Connective Clause).
Thí dụ: He invited them to dinner, which was very kind of him.
She studies excellently, which makes her parents happy.
Vietnam defeated the US imperialists, which caused people all over the world shocked.







* Phải có một dấu phẩy giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề phụ tính từ.
THAT chỉ dùng trong mệnh đề hạn định (Defining relative = Restrictive clause).
THAT có thể thay cho WHO, WHOM và WHICH.
Thí dụ: The woman that was interviewed yesterday has been given the job.
The car that had been lost was found.
The man that you spoke to is famous
The flat that we live in is comfortable.







* THAT không thể đặt sau giới từ.
Trong những trường hợp sau đây ta dùng THAT chứ không dùng WHO, WHOM hoặc WHICH.
- Sau tính từ so sánh cực cấp và số thứ tự.
Thí dụ: This is the most interesting film that I have ever watched.
You are the first foreigner that have visited my village.
- Sau ONLY
Thí dụ: This is the only bicycle that I have.







- Sau những đại từ : ALL, SOME, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, SOMETHING, ANY, ANYTHING, ANYONE, ANYBODY, EVERYTHING, EVERYONE, EVERYBODY,, NO, NONE, NOT ANY, NOTHING, NOBODY, MUCH, LITTLE, v.v...
Thí dụ: All that glitters is not gold.
There`s not much that can be done.
You will find nobody that can do this work.
- Sau tiền vị tự (the antecedent) chỉ cả người chỉ cả người lẫn vật.
Thí dụ: She met a cowboy and a lot of cows that were moving toward the meadow.







- Sau cụm từ " IT IS / WAS ..."
Thí dụ: It is the students that are important to the teachers, not the kind of school they teach in.
It was the workers that went on a strike.
- That không được sử dụng sau giới từ.
Thí dụ: He is the doctor about whom I told you.
He is the doctor that I told you about.
* THAT không được dùng trong câu có mệnh đề tính từ không hạn định ( non-restrictive clause).







WHOSE có thể thay thế cho từ sở hữu chỉ người và vật.
Thí dụ: Do you know the woman whose son has just won a national prize?
I told you about Mary, whose father is a billionaire.
The book whose cover is torn is lying on the shelf.
OF WHICH được dùng để chỉ sở hữu của vật thay thế cho WHOSE, nhưng ít được sử dụng trên thực tế.







Thí dụ: The book the cover of which is torn is lying on the shelf.
We saw the house the roof of which had been blown away by the storm.
The snake the neck of which was swollen terrified us.
Khi sử dụng OF WHICH danh từ bị sở hữu được đặt trước nó.
* Ở vị trí tân ngữ trong mệnh đề hạn định, WHOM, WHICH và THAT có thể bỏ đi.







Thí dụ: He is the doctor I told you about.
The man you know is in charge of � this department.
The flat we live in is comfortable.
WHEN được sử dụng thay cho danh từ chỉ thời gian. Lưu ý: WHEN tương đương với PREPOSITION + WHICH hoặc WHICH . PREPOSITION.
Thí dụ: She always remember the day when she met him for the first time.







She always remember the day on which she met him for the first time. The year when a terrible storm happened is 1923.
The year in which a terrible storm happened is 1923.
The year which a terrible storm happened in is 1923.
WHERE được sử dụng thay cho danh từ chỉ nơi chốn. Lưu ý: WHERE tương đương với PREPOSITION + WHICH hoặc WHICH . PREPOSITION.







Thí dụ: The place where uncle Ho was born is Sen village.
The place in which uncle Ho was born is Sen village.
The place which uncle Ho was born in is Sen village.
Come to Bac Lieu, where you can enjoy the most aromatic longan.
Come to Bac Lieu, in which you can enjoy the most aromatic longan.
Come to Bac Lieu, which you can enjoy the most aromatic longan in.







WHY được sử dụng thay cho danh từ chỉ nguyên nhân. Lưu ý: WHY tương đương với FOR + WHICH hoặc WHICH . FOR.
Thí dụ: The reason why she is sad is secret.
The reason for which she is sad is secret.
The reason which she is sad for is secret.







*RELATIVE CLAUSES: (Mệnh đề quan hệ)
Thông thường học viên được cho từng cặp hai câu đơn để viết kết hợp lại thành một câu phức có mệnh đề quan hệ.
Thí dụ: The man is a hunter. He helped her.
Here is the pen. She bought it yesterday.
That is the woman. Her son studies excellently.







Để làm bài tập loại này ta tiến hành 3 bước:
- Bước 1: Xác định từ giống nhau ở hai câu.
Ở cặp câu đầu tiên "The man" và "He" giống nhau.
Ở cặp câu thứ hai "the pen" và "it" giống nhau.
Ở cặp câu thứ ba "the woman" và "Her" giống nhau.
- Bước 2: Bỏ từ giống trong câu thứ hai và thay bằng đại từ quan hệ thích hợp. Đại từ này đặt ở đầu câu thứ hai. Nếu đại từ quan hệ là WHOSE, danh từ bị sở hữu phải đặt liền sau nó.







Who helped her.
Which she bought yesterday.
Whose son studies excellently.
- Böôùc 3: Ñem caû caâu thöù hai (baây giôø noù ñaõ trôû thaønh meänh ñeà tính töø) ñaët ngay sau töø gioáng trong caâu thöù nhaát.
Thí duï: The man who helped her is a hunter.
Here is the pen which she bought yesterday.
That is the woman whose son studies excellently.







Mệnh đề quan hệ chia làm hai loại:
+ Defining relative clauses (restrictive relative clauses): Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định.
Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định để xác định từ giống trong câu thứ nhất bởi vì từ này không rỏ ràng và chung chung.








Ta có công thức sau:
CHỦ NGỮ TÂN NGỮ SỞ HỮU
NGƯỜI WHO WHOM WHOSE
THAT

VẬT WHICH (OF WHICH)
�

� Trong mệnh đề hạn định ta có thể dùng THAT thay cho WHO, WHOM và WHICH. WHOM và WHICH có thể bỏ đi khi chúng đóng vai trò tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. WHOSE co th? thay cho OF WHICH.






Thí dụ: The student who comes from Caracas studies well.
The student that comes from Caracas studies well.
The book which you gave me is boring.
The book that you gave me is boring.
The book you gave me is boring.
* Không có dấu phẩy ngăn cách mệnh đề quan hệ với mệnh đề chính.







+ Non-defining relative clauses (non-restrictive relative clauses): Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định.
Ta dùng mệnh đề không hạn định để bổ sung ý cho từ giống trong câu thứ nhất bởi vì từ này đã được xác định rỏ bởi các yếu tố sau:
- Nó đứng sau tính từ sở hữu và sở hữu cách: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, Tom`s, the students`.
- Nó đứng sau các tính từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those.







- Bản thân nó là danh từ riêng: Mr Smith, Mary, New York.
- Nó ở trong ngữ cảnh đặc biệt mà cả người nói (viết) và người nghe (đọc) đều hiểu rỏ.
Thí dụ: Mother, coming home from the market, said:" Tom, put this food into the fridge".
Cả người mẹ và Tom đều biết rỏ tủ lạnh của nhà mình và nó được đặt ở đâu, mặc dù không có từ nào xác định rỏ nó. (Chỉ có ngữ cảnh xác định nó).







Ta có công thức sau:
� CHỦ NGỮ TÂN NGỮ SỞ HỮU
NGƯỜI WHO WHOM WHOSE

VẬT WHICH (OF WHICH)
��
Trong mệnh đề không hạn định ta không thể dùng THAT thay cho WHO, WHOM vàWHICH. Ta cũng không bỏ được các đại từ quan hệ THAT,� WHOM vàWHICH khi chúng đóng vai trò tân ngữ trong câu.







Phải có dấu phẩy ngăn cách mệnh đề chính với mệnh đề quan hệ.
Thí dụ: Mary, whose father is a poor teacher, studies very well.
His boss, who comes from a farmer family, is very kind and honest.
Look at this book, which is very interesting.







Use relative pronouns to make complex sentences.
1. Tu Ngan bought an umbrella. Our friends like it very much.
2. Bac lieu is famous for its bird sanctuary. There are a lot of kinds of birds in the sanctuary.
3. In Bac Lieu we know a well-known school. Its principal is Mr Thuan.
4. Thach Sanh headed the monster. It had killed a lot of people in the area.
5. Diep was in a hurry to the pagoda. Lan was a nun there.







6. He has written a lot of emails. He has contacted his friends all over the world via emails.
7. The film terrified her. She watched it last night.
8. Don’t insult the unlucky men. They are in trouble sometime.
9. The birds have flown away. I found their nest in the tree behind my house.
10. He is curious about the reason. She has been sad for it in recent days.







Combine the following pairs of sentences, using relative pronouns.
1. The machine made him stay up. Its noise was terrible.
2. The detective found the book. The woman had hidden the cheque in it.
3. It is September 2nd. We will never forget it.
4. We enjoy traveling to Dalat. There are a lot of places of interest there.
5. Linh has a dress. Mai has the same.







6. He stood on the bridge. He could see the market well from it.
7. His neighbors do not know the reason. He has disappeared for it.
8. The snake returned to take revenge. The snake had been cut short.
9. He has bought a laptop. It is very expensive.
10. He also owns a desktop. He has sent and received a lot of emails via it.







Choose the one word or phrase, (A), (B), (C), or (D) that best completes the sentence:
1. H’mong people have to eat manioc … are available in the mountainous areas.
A. that B. which C. who D. Both A and B
2. The Iraqis, … have been terrified by wars, have longed to find their peace.
A. that B. which C. who D. Both A and B
3. The soldier and his weapons … had been under the ruins were dug out.
A. that B. which C. who D. Both A and B







4. Tu Loi, … learns English well, is a vegetarian.
A. that B. which C. who D. Both A and B
5. The girl … marks were the highest in the 2002 provincial examination in English was My Linh.
A. that B. which C. whose D. Both A and B
6. The car the carburetor … has broken down can not be in use any more.
A. of which B. which C. who D. that
7. The tunnel … many guerrillas lived in during the war against the US imperialists have been decorated for tourism.
A. where B. which C. that D. Both C and B







8. May Day, … everybody has a day off, is considered an international holiday.
A. when B. which C. that D. Both A and B
9. Working men are able to join the classes for … they pay fees.
A. where B. which C. that D. Both A and B
10. When we use a word … meaning is not certain, we may be asked to define it.
A. where B. which C. that D. whose
11. The police have been looking for the reason … the accountant corrupted the amount of over eight billion dong.
A. where B. which C. that D. why







12. The river along … I used to walk in the childhood is going to be made deeper.
A. where B. which C. that D. Both A and B
13. Those … do not get along with everybody feel tasteless in their life.
A. who B. which C. that D. whom
14. The sanctuary … was famous for innumerable birds is nearly deserted nowadays.
A. where B. which C. that D. Both B and C
15. The director encouraged the guard … the gangsters had threatened to kill.
A. whom B. which C. that D. Both A and C







Combine the following pairs of sentences, using relative pronouns.
1. Mary bought an umbrella. Our friends like it very much.
2. Bac lieu is famous for its bird sanctuary. There are a lot of kinds of birds in the sanctuary.
3. It is September 2nd. We will never forget it.
4. The detective found the book. The woman had hidden the cheque in it.
5. Linh has a dress. Mai has the same.






6. He stood on the bridge. He could see the market well from it.
7. His neighbors do not know the reason. He has disappeared for it.
8. The snake returned to take revenge. The snake had been cut short.
9. He has bought a laptop. It is very expensive.
10. He also owns a desktop. He has sent and received a lot of emails via it.







1. Here are some contracts _________ they may sign at the meeting.
A. That B. which C. who D. Both A and B
2. They come to a place __________ sellers often gather.
A. which B. in which C. where D. Both B and C
3. The reason __________ she did not come to the party was unknown.
A. Why B. which C. that D. All are correct
4. The woman __________ you mentioned is the president of a company.
A. That B. whom C. who D. Both A and B







5. The room __________ he stayed was a mess.
A. where B. which C. that D. Both A and B
6. Faraday received the training _________ enabled him to become one of the great scientists of all time.
A. That B. whom C. who D. Both A and C
7. He sang in a low voice, half to himself and half to those _________ were in the tram.
A. Who B. which C. whom D. whose
8. Some people do not know _________ Bill Gates is.
A. what B. how C. which D. who







9. The reason _________ she is sad is unknown.
A. Why B. for which C. which D. Both A and B
10. The house _________ Uncle Ho lived is on a small street.
A. where B. in which C. that D. Both A and B
11. These forces can be compared to the force of gravity, _________ is always pulling objects toward the earth.
A. That B. which C. who D. Both A and B
12. The robbers looked for the house _________ door was marked by the detective.
A. which B. who C. whose D. Both A and B







13. Science offers people the supreme pleasure of clear, complete understanding, of creating order _________ there was confusion.
A. what B. which C. where D. that
14. Ordinarily, in that wonderful game, there is no question of _________ wins or loses.
A. what B. which C. who D. that
15. Science has objective criteria and a language _________ is the same in every country.
A. That B. where C. who D. Both A and B
16. She called the man _________ she had sent.
A. for that B. for whom C. who D. Both A and B







17. She is the woman _________ conquers mount Everest.
A. Who B. which C. whom D. Both A and C
18. Many houses _________ were destroyed in the accident were compensated and erected.
A. where B. which C. that D. Both B and C
19. The landlord _________ house was the biggest in the village had a lot of tenants.
A. Who B. which C. whose D. All are correct
20. She stopped him at the entrance_________ they had a long talk.
A. when B. where C. which D. that







21. Then we realized the reason_________ she had left him.
A. which B. for which C. why D. Both B and C
22. He remembers Valentine’s Day _________ he can offer her a gift.
A. when B. on which C. which D. Both A and B
23. The teacher recommends _________ we get as thorough an education as possible.
A. which B. who C that D. Both A and C
24. He does not say _________ a Ph.D. is a prerequisite to advancement.
A. That B. no word is needed C. which D. Both A and B







25. The baby looks at the fridge __________ his mother puts the milk.
A. in which B. which C. that D. All are correct
26. Jack admires the detective _________ has discovered a lot of secret criminals.
A. which B. who C. whom D. Both A and B
27. Teachers are the people __________ work at school.
A. Who B. which C. whose D. when
28. One scientist estimates __________ our information doubles every 10 years.
A. That B. no word is needed C. which D. Both A and C











Good luck!