UNIT 11: SOURCES OF ENERGY
E. LANGUAGE FOCUS
I. PRONUNCIATION:
Listen and repeat
They were all shrieking with laughter.
He shrugged (his shoulders), saying he didn’t know and didn’t care.
My dad hates shrimp paste.
What a splendid spring day!
The stream splits into three smaller streams at this point.
The house has a narrow front, but it splays out at the back.
Practice reading aloud these sentences
The man is my brother. He spoke to John.
The man who spoke to John is my brother.


The man speaking to John is my brother.
1. RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PRESENT PARTICIPLES (V-ing) Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế bằng hiện tại phân từ
speaking
Relative clause in active voice
II. GRAMMAR
N + who + V (active)
which
that
N + who + V-ing
which
that
Formula 1: We can replace a relative clause in active voice with a present participial (V-ing) phrase.
E.g.1 Present continuous (thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
The man who is speaking to John is my brother.
The man speaking to John is my brother.
E.g.2 The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.
The fence surrounding our house is made of wood.
EXERCISE 1: Rewrite the following sentences, using a present participial phrase (page 131).
1. The boy who is playing the piano is Ben.
2. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?
3. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
4. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
5. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.
6. We have an apartment which overlooks the park.
playing
coming
waiting
researching
surrounding
overlooking
2. RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PAST PARTICIPLES (V-ed/ V3) Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế bằng quá khứ phân từ
The Sport Games were the first Asian Games. They were held in India in 1951.
 The Sport Games which were held in India in 1951


were the first Asian Games.
The Sport Games held in India in 1951 were the first Asian Games.
Relative clause in passive voice
II. GRAMMAR
Formula 2: We can replace a relative clause in passive voice with a past participial
(V-ed/V 3) phrase.

N + who + V (passive)
which
that
N + who + V-ed/V 3
which
that
which are presented
that is located
that was built
which were published
which was sponsored
which was conducted
EXERCISE 2
The ideas ________________ in that book are interesting.
I come from a city ___________ in the southern part of the country.
They live in a house ___________ in 1980.
The photographs _________________ in the newspaper were extraordinary
The experiment _________________ at the University of Chicago was successful.
They work in a hospital _________________ by the government.
presented
located
built
published
conducted
sponsored
E.g.1 Active voice (dạng chủ động)
Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.

 Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space.

E.g.2 Passive voice (dạng bị động)
This is the last cake that is sold today.


first
last
3. RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY TO INFINITIVES (to-inf) Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế bằng động từ nguyên mẫu có "to"
II. GRAMMAR
 This is the last cake to be sold today.
to V
to be V-p2
Note 3: We can replace a relative clause following the first, the second, the last, the only, superlatives (so sánh hơn nhất: biggest, tallest, happiest)…… with an infinitive phrase (to-inf).
The first + (N) + who + V
second which
last that
superlatives

The first + (N) + who + to V
second which
last that
superlatives
Active voice
Passive voice
Lucky number game
Congratulation! You are lucky.
John was the last man who reached the top of the mountain.
John was the last man to reach the top of the mountain.
John was the last man reaching the top of the mountain.
John was the last man reached the top of the mountain.
John was the last man to be reached the top of the mountain.
The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light.
The last person left the room must turn off the light.
The last person to leaving the room must turn off the light.
The last person to leave the room must turn off the light.
The last person leaving the room must turn off the light.
The first person that we must see is Mr. Smith.
The first person to be seen is Mr. Smith.
The first person to see is Mr. Smith.
The first person seeing is Mr. Smith.
The first person saw is Mr. Smith.
This is the second person who was killed in that way.
This is the second person to kill in that way.
This is the second person killing in that way.
This is the second person to killing in that way.
That is the second person to be killed in that way.
The first person who catches the ball will be the winner.
The first person catching the ball will be the winner.
The first person to catching the ball will be the winner.
The first person catched the ball will be the winner.
The first person to catch the ball will be the winner.
John was the last man to reach the top of the mountain.
The last person to leave the room must turn off the light.
The first person to see is Mr. Smith.
This is the second person to be killed in that way.
The first person to catch the ball will be the winner.
Relative clause replaced by participles and to-infinitive
(Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế bằng hình thức phân từ và động từ nguyên mẫu có "to")
1. Relative clause replaced by participles:
Present participles (Hiện tại phân từ): được dùng khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng chủ động.
N + Who/which/that + Verb (active) => N + V-ing
Past participles (Quá khứ phân từ): được dùng khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động.
N + Who/which/that + to be + V(ed/p2) (passive)=> N + V(p2)
2. Relative clause replaced by to infinitive phrase.
"to infinitive" được sử dụng ngay sau: the first, the second,... the last, the only và hình thức so sánh nhất.
The first/second/.../ superlatives + N + WH + V/to be V(ed/p2)
=> The first/second/.../ superlatives +N + to V/ to be V(ed/p2)
learn the formulae by heart.
practise pronounciacing the sounds /∫r/; /spl/; /spr/.
prepare the next lesson.