Unit 15 Cities
Language focus
Pronunciation :
/θ/ / ð /
through there
theatre father
cloth clothes
breath breathe
tenth together
Practise the sentences
Notes:
*/θ/: thought, Smith, thirty, three, Thursday, thirtieth, birthday, something, think , thin.
*/ ð / : brother, the, that, clothes, there.
Choose the underlined part which is differently pronounced from the others.
1.them month bathe gather
2.weather mouth length thing
3. threaten their whether though
4. truth thumb then strength
5. thousand cloth thriller feather
II. Grammar and vocabulary
Non- defining and defining relative clauses:
Examples:
The lady who lives next door is a teacher.
We stayed at the hotel that you recommended.
My youngest brother, who lives in Hanoi, is a teacher.
We stayed at the King Hotel, which is very nice.
Rules:
Exercise 1
Underline the relative clauses , indicate if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND) and add a comma where required.
Answers:
1….., which is located on the East Coast of the United States,… ND
2. …,which is located on the Granada` River,…. ND
3….., which has a population of nearly 20,000,000 ,…. ND
4. ….., which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics ,….ND
5….., which used to be the capital of Japan,…. ND
More exercise
Rewrite the sentences, using relative clauses.
We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories.
I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis.
Our flight was delayed. This meant we had to wait three hours at the airport.


II. Grammar and vocabulary

2. Connecting contrasting ideas : Although
Examples :
* Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. It is not the largest city of Vietnam.
→Although Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam ,it is not the largest city .
* Although he had tried hard, he didn’t pass his driving test.
Rules :
* We use although or though or even though to connect contrasting ideas.
Though/ although/ even though + clause
= despite the fact that + clause
= despite/ in spite of + N phrase / V-ing
Note : do not use BUT with although
Eg: Even though he is a millionaire, he is very mean.
In spite of being a millionaire, he is very mean.
Exercise 2
Combine the sentences using although
Answers:
1.Although there is not much to do in the countryside, I prefer living in there.
2. Although there is a lot of pollution in Los Angeles, it is an ideal place to live.
3.Although the shops are crowded, people are not buying much.
4. Although the city is a favourite tourist destination for many people, it has its problems.
5.Although it is a safe neighbourhood, it is best to be careful.
More practice
Choose the best answers.
1.She will never stop working ….. she is very rich.
a. despite b. because c. although d. so
2. The chemistry book….. was a little expensive.
a. that I bought it b. I bought that c. what I bought d. I bought
3…the fact that she is young, she is given a high position .
a. despite b. although c. in spite d. both a and c
4…..we are close friends, we’ve known each other for a short time.
a. In spite of b. Although c. Despite d. none is correct
5.They couldn’t go to the party, …was a pity.
a. that b. which c. what d. both a and b


Choose the underlined part which needs correcting.
I don’t know the name of the woman whom I spoke on the phone.
Although his tiredness, he walked to the office.
Are you the kind of person whom are shy around people?
Because of heavy rain, we went on a picnic.
He is over seventy although he still wants to continue working.

Homework
Make two sentences using defining relative clause and two with non-defining relative clause.
Make two sentences with although.