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William Shakespeare
and His Works
A. The Middle Age
1485, Henry VII became King.

The English : colonizers and merchant adventures.
Henry VII made commecial treaties with European countries
The feudal : declined
Book : cheap & plentiful => provide more opportunities to read and learn


Society
B. The English Renaissance (rebirth:French)
Awakens artistic achievement characterized by Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.
Recovery & study of texts : classical antiquity
New aesthetic norms : developed ( classical mode)


Humanism and nationalism period
Humanism: Devotion to Greek and Latin ( human life on earth, not life after death)
English humanism+ Christianity: classical learning
Should English humanists write their own works in Lantin or English ?
many different Greek translations
Nationaslism:
Scholars + poets: refined and improved native tongue
 Francis Bacon , Leonardo da Vinci
C. Protestant Reformation
16th century, the raise of the Protestant Movement in Europe.
Henry VIII split with the Church ( Supreme Head of the Church) & No Reformation
The Roman Catholic Church
=> The Church of England
=> a Protestant nation
religious and political separation


The Virgin Queen
 Gloriana
Good Queen Bess
1559, Elizabeth I return England to Protestant
=> Supreme Governer
Queen Elizabeth’s reign: its patronaged system
Literary patronage : a part of system
Elizabethan Age ( 1558-1603)
(The Golden Age)
Writer Elizabethan:
- Higher rank’s writer: Sir Philip Sidney
- Lower rank ‘s writer: civil servants
William Shakespeare , Ben Johnson, Christopher Malows
Inspired Spenser’s poem The Faerie Queen
King James I (1603-1625)
The Stuart King
Son of Mary Queen Scots, Elizabeth ‘s cousin
1603, Domineering foreign king
Became the patron of Shakespeare’s company actors
William Shakespeare
(Biography)
 - England`s national poet & the "Bard of Avon”
- Birthday: April 23rd,1564 in Stratford-upon- Avon
Father : John William Shakespearea , a leather merchant.
Mother: Mary Aden, a local landed heiress
7 year olds, study King Edward VI Grammar School: the King’s New School  in Stratford-upon-Avon


married to Anne Hathaway in 1582
3 children:   Susanna, twins Hamnet and Judith were born.
1585-1592, Shakespeare’s Lost years (20-28)
1592, William Shakespeare :an actor , a playwright in London & several plays
Wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets
1597, 15 of the 37 plays written by William Shakespeare : published. 
1599, The Globe theatre across the Thames , near London : The Lord Chamberlain’s Men: (Shakespeare’s playing company )
( the Wooden O) => Shakespeare





1603, James I became King=> King ‘s Men
( King’s Company)
Some of the most famous plays:
Hamlet
Macbeth
The Taming of the Shrew
1613, a cannon ( gala performance of Henry VIII) set fire : burned the theatre
1997, the New Globe Theatre or Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre
230 m (750 feet)
The Galleries: 1,000 people seats + room for another 2,000 groundlings



He died in 1616=> 52 year olds
His first Folio was publish posthumoustly in 1623
Shakespear’s works
37 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long poems, and others
Plays: comedies, tragedies, histories, tragicomedies
Early plays: histories and comedies
+ mostly written in the early 1590s
+ dramatize the destructive results of weak or corrupt rulers
Richarch III
Henry V
- Happy resolution
- Social reunification

Later plays: Tragedies and Tragicomedies
Tragedies
He used the fall of a remarkable person as the main focus in his tragedies.
Plays:
King Lear(1605-06)
Othello(1604-05)
Macbeth(1605-06)
Hamlet(1600-01)
Hamlet
Revenge
Betrayal
Ambition
Loyalty
Madness
Love
2. Tragicomedies
1608, change in tone from tragedy to romance, light, magic, and reconciliation
More serious than the comedies but not the dark tragedies
End with reconciliation and forgiveness
Poems
Poems
2 story poems in 1593 and 1594
On sexual love themes
Show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust
Dedicated to Henry Wriothesley
Sonnets
Published in 1690
Contain: 154 sonnets
Sonnets 1-126: the “Fair Youth” sequence
Sonnets 127-152: the “Dark Lady” sequence
The last 2 sonnets, 153-154, seem unrelated to anything previous 
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer`s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer`s lease hath all too short a date;
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm`d;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature`s changing course untrimm`d;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow`st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander`st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow`st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
quatrain
couplet
compares his beloved to the summer season
argues that his beloved is better
his beloved will live on forever
recorded as a song by David Gilmour for his wife
Sonnets’ themes
Love, sexual passion, procreation, death, and time
#20- play with gender roles
#124- comments on political events
#128- make fun of love
#129- speak openly about sexual desire
#130- parodies beauty
#151- reference pornography
Plays’ themes

Conflict

Rivals in love and war
Quarrels within families or quarrels between families
Historical and political quarrel
EX: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet
b. Appearance and reality

Women pretend to be men
Others pretend to be friends while planning treachery
Characters pretend to be mad
Identities are mistaken
EX: - King Henry pretends to be a soldier as he visits his troops
- the Duke of Kent pretends to be a servant in ‘King Lear’
- Julia in ‘The Two Gentlemen of Verona’
- Portia in ‘The Merchant of Venice’
- Rosalind in ‘As you Like It’
- Viola in ‘Twelfth Night’
c. Order, Disorder and Change


Disorder:
a person (King Lear goes mad)
society (England is divided by civil war)
nature (storms and tempests damaged the lives of people and societies)
Then, restoration to all that has been destroyed and understanding to those who have been in misery or madness
Change: from life to death or the development of new insights and empathy
EX: + Nick Bottom is magically transformed into an ass in ‘Midsummer’s Night’s Dream’.
+ In ‘Twelfth Night’, a false letter tricks Malvolio into changing from a puritan steward to a foolish would be lover
+ Sometimes change happens in unique contexts: the woods, a heath, an island or a near magical setting of some kind
Style

Earlier plays in the traditional style of the time
Use: metaphors, extravagant, conceit, formal manner
Rhetorical style ( to perform not to read)
Iambic pentameter (also called blank verse)
Use soliloquy (“To be or not to be, that is the question.”)
Then, change to a more self-expressive style: run-on lines, uneven pauses and stops, and alterations in sentence length and structure
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