Unit 6: GLOBAL WARMING
Lesson 2: LANGUAGE

I/ Vocabulary
Complete the sentences, using word/phrase in the box




1. Having measured the company`s ________________, they realised that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) it produced was great.
2. Scientists have warned about the relationship between climate change and the spread of ___________________.
3. A large amount of carbon dioxide _________________ are released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels.
4. Deforestation is one of the biggest environmental threats to the___________________  in the world.
5. As global temperatures rise, there are more cases of _________________.
6. Although global warming is causing changes in weather patterns, it is only one aspect of__________________ .
carbon footprint
ecological balance
heat-related illnesses
infectious diseases
emissions
climate change
II/ PRONUNCIATION:
Intonation on yes-no and echo questions: RAISING or FALLING?
Activity 1: Listen and repeat these sentences, mark their intonation on the ITALIC.
Yes-no questions:
1. Do you agree with me? ⤻
2. Can you talk about the effects of global warming? ⤻
3. Do you think that we can reduce our carbon footprint? ⤻
4. Is it true that global warming is getting worse? ⤻
5. Are most of the environmental problems caused by humans? ⤻

Activity 2: Echo questions:
1. A: Most of the environmental problems are man-made. B: Man-made? ⤻
2. A: Scientists are concerned about the effects of global warming.
B: Scientists are concerned about what? ⤻
3. A: I cycle to work every day. B: You do? ⤻
4. A: By 2050, rising temperatures could lead to the extinction of a million species. B: The extinction of a million species? ⤻
5. A: In order to save our environment, we should reduce our use of paper products. B: We should do what?  ⤻
II/ PRONUNCIATION
Intonation on yes-no and echo questions:
RAISING
III/ GRAMMAR:
1. Perfect participle.
* Use: - reduce the clauses of reason (because/since...)
* Form: having + past participle (V3/ed)
Ex: Having worked all day, he feels tired
(Because he worked all day, he feels tired)
* Use: - emphasize what happens before another action (after/then...)
Ex: Having met her parents, she left home.
(After she had met her parents, she left home)
Activity 2: Match the two parts to make complete sentences and rewrite them, using perfect participles.
e
c
a
b
g
h
f
d
Activity 2 (Example): Rewrite them, using perfect participles.
5. Because farmers had been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilizers, they started using them sparingly on their farms.
 Having been informed about the bad effects ò chemical fertilizers, farmers started using the sparingly on their farms.
Comprehension questions:
How many clauses are there in this sentence?
Which clause points out the reason?
What does “they” replace for?
Does the clause of reason happen before or after the main one?
2
Because farmers had been informed …
farmers
After we identified the causes of global warming, we worked out some solutions to reduce its effects.



2. Since they have used up the fossil fuel resources in their country, they have to find some types of alternative energy.



3. Because local people have cut down the forests to make way for farming, now they have to suffer severe floods.
Activity 2: Match the two parts to make complete sentences and rewrite them, using perfect participles.
Having identified the causes of global warming, we worked out some solutions to reduce its effects.
 Having used up the fossil fuel resources in their country, they have to find some types of alternative energy.
Having cut down the forests to make way for farming, now local people have to suffer severe floods.
After we read the report on how the burning of petrol in cars contributes to climate change, we decided to sell our car and get a bicycle instead.



5. Because farmers had been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilisers, they started using them sparingly on their farms.


6. After we talked with the environmentalist, we changed our attitude to nature.
Activity 2: Match the two parts to make complete sentences and rewrite them, using perfect participles.
Having read the report on … climate change, we decided to sell our car and get a bicycle instead.
Having been informed about the bad..., farmers started...
 Having talked with the environmentalist, we changed ….
7. Since people have ignored warnings about global warming for more than 20 years,  they have to suffer severe floods now.



8. After we had learnt that humans are responsible for global warming,  we were determined to reduce our carbon footprint.
Activity 2: Match the two parts to make complete sentences and rewrite them, using perfect participles.
Having ignored warnings …, people have to suffer its effects now.
Having learnt that humans are responsible …, we were determined to reduce our carbon footprint.
III/ GRAMMAR:
2. Perfect gerund
* Use: The OBJECT of a verb: (deny, admit, forget, mention, remember, recall, regret, hate, escape, dislike...)
* Form: having + past participle (V3/ed)
Ex: She admited not having done homework.
* Use: the OBJECT of a preposition, emphasizing what have been done. (apologise for, accuse of, admire for, congratulation on, thanks for, suspect of, punish for, praise for, criticise for, ....)
* Ex: She apologised for having broken his watch yesterday.
Activity 4: Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerunds.
Example:
Hoa broke the glass. She denied it.

→ Hoa denied having broken the glass
Comprehension questions:
What does “she” replace for?
Hoa
What did she deny ?
Broke the glass
Does “broke the glass” happen before or after “deny”?
Activity 4: Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerunds.
Example:
1. In the Tree Planting Competition, the students in Group 11G planted the most trees in the schoolyard. They were praised for that.
→ The students in Group 11G were praised for
having planted the most trees in the schoolyard in the TPC.
Comprehension questions:
What does “they” replace for?
the students in Group 11G
What were they praised for?
planting the most trees in …
Does “planting the most trees” happen before or after “being praised”?
2. Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park. The police suspected Mike of doing it.
⇒ 

3. He had dumped lots of rubbish onto the beach. He denied it.
⇒ 

4. You had saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Thank you for that.
⇒ 
The police suspected Mike of having cut down the oldest tree in the park.
Activity 3 (page 9): Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerunds.
He denied having dumped lots of rubbish onto the beach
Thank you for having saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals
5. They had hunted and killed many wild animals. Later they regretted what they had done.
⇒ 

6. The factory had dumped tons of toxic waste into the river. It was heavily fined for that.
⇒ 


7. Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities. He was rewarded for that.
⇒ 
Activity 3 (page 9): Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerunds.
They regretted having hunted and killed many wild animals.
The factory was heavily fined of having dumped tons of toxic waste into the river
Denis was rewarded for having taken an active part in the Green Summer activities.
Activity : Decide whether the BOLD are written in
Perfect participle or Perfect gerund.
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES
EX 1: Rewrite the sentences using perfect participles.
1. Since we have become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find alternative sources of energy before fossil fuels run out.


2. Since Mai had refused Nam`s offer of a lift in his car, she had to walk home.


3. After Ha had read some documents about Green Earth, she decided to join the organisation.

→ Having become too dependent …, we have to find ...
→ Having refused …, Mai had to ...
→ Having read …, Ha decided ...
EX 1: Rewrite the sentences using perfect participles.
4. Since the farmers used too much chemical fertilizer on their farm, they now have to drink polluted water.


5. After she replaced all the light bulbs in her house with LED lights, she saved a lot of money on her electricity bills.


6. After the students had learnt about the benefits of recycling and reusing, they started collecting waste paper, bottles, and cans to recycle and reuse.
→ Having used …, the farmers now have to ...
→ Having replaced …, she saved ….
→ Having learnt about …, the students started collecting …
EX 2: Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerunds.
1. Tony had rescued the kids from the fire. People admired him for that.
2. Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park. The police suspected Mike of doing it.
3. He had dumped lots of rubbish onto the beach. He denied it.
4. You had saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Thank you for that.
5. They had hunted and killed many wild animals. Later they regretted what they had done.
6. The factory had dumped tons of toxic waste into the river. It was heavily fined for that.
7. Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities. He was rewarded for that.
8. I have seen him before. I remember that.
9. `You`ve lied to us,` the villagers said. The politician denied it.
10. Thanh had forgotten to turn off the gas cooker before he left his house. He admitted that.
11. Tonya had dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach. She was strongly criticized for that.
12. Sam had not worked hard enough in his previous job. He regretted it.
Activity 5: Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerund.
1. Tony had rescued the kids from the fire. People admired him for that.


2. Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park. The police suspected Mike of doing it.


3. He had dumped lots of rubbish onto the beach. He denied it.
→ People admired Tony for having rescued the kids …
→ The police suspected Mike of having cut down …
→ He denied having dumped lots of rubbish onto the beach.
Activity 5: Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerund.
4. You had saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Thank you for that.


5. They had hunted and killed many wild animals. Later they regretted what they had done.


6. The factory had dumped tons of toxic waste into the river. It was heavily fined for that.
→ They regretted having hunted and killed …
→ The factory was heavily fined for having dumped ...
→ Thank you for having saved the lives of … wild animals.
Activity 5: Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerund.
7. Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities. He was rewarded for that.


8. I have seen him before. I remember that.


9. `You`ve lied to us,` the villagers said. The politician denied it.
→ Denis was rewarded for having taken an active part …
→ I remember having seen him before.
→ The politician denied having lied to the villagers.
Activity 5: Combine the sentences, using the perfect gerund.
10. Thanh had forgotten to turn off the gas cooker before he left his house. He admitted that.


11. Tonya had dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach. She was strongly criticized for that.


12. Sam had not worked hard enough in his previous job. He regretted it.
→ Thanh admitted having forgotten to turn off ...
→ Tonya was strongly criticized for having dumped ...
→ Sam regretted not having worked hard enough …
Practise the activities again.