A Full Scientific Paper
Truong Van Anh
HUFLIT

Organization of a Scientific Paper/Graduation Thesis
Table of Contents
Abstract
I. Introduction
II. Literature review
III. Method
IV. Result
V. Discussion
VI. Conclusion
References
Appendice

I. INTRODUCTION
There are six parts in the introduction:
- Background: General information about the research.
- Literature review: A brief report of what has been done and an
important research area has nor been investigated by other
authors.
- Scopes: The limits of the study
- Objectives: The aim/purpose of the study
- Thesis statement: the main topic and then usually its major
areas
- Organization: The parts of the study/the outline (how the report
is constructed or organized)

II. Literature Review:
This section should review the existing literature on your
topic. You should summarize the key findings and
arguments made by other scholars and identify any gaps
in the literature that your research aims to address.
A. Overview of current literature on the topic
B. Discussion of key themes and findings from literature
C. Identification of gaps in current literature
 

This chapter is written separately, but a brief part
(summary) is included in chapter 1. It informs the
readers of important research that has been done
before, based on the theories established by scholars
and scientists.
To avoid plagiarizing, the sources of the research should
be cited. Its length should not exceed one quarter of
the report.

Generally, there are three elements: 1/ author's last name, 2/
the year of publication, 3/ page number.
+ Author prominent: Mathon (1994:20) states that most loan
words are borrowed due to “sheer necessity”.
+ Information prominent: most loan words are borrowed due
to “sheer necessity” (Mathon, 1994:20).
+ Ways to cite a resource
a. Direct quotations
b. Indirect quotations
c. Paraphrasing
d. Summary

III. Methodology:
This section should describe the methods you used to
collect and analyze your data. You should explain your
research design, sampling strategy, data collection
methods, and data analysis techniques.
A. Description of research design
+ Observation
+ Survey
+ Case study
+ Experiment
B. Discussion of data collection methods
C. Explanation of data analysis techniques

A. Procedural Description:
- Overview sample: subjects
- Sampling technique: how to choose subjects
- Materials procedure: questionnaire, interview
- Statistical treatment: Treating data statistically to reveal
the subjects' attitudes toward the topic/research.

Elements of the method:
Overview: setting
Sample: number of subjects (age, sex, nationality, family
background, professional background, etc.)
Sampling technique: how the research is conducted and
how the materials are used.
Statistical treatment: How the collected data are treated
and analyzed.

Information elements included in the method:
1. Overview of the experiment
2. Population/sample
3. Location
4. Sampling technique
5. Procedures
6. Materials
7. Variables
8. Statistical treatment

B. Materials:
Laboratory equipment
Field equipment
Human or animal subjects
Surveys, questionnaires and tests
Interview questions
Computer models

Questionnaire design: (Optional)
a. Types of questions:
Open and closed
b. Simple common sense rules in questionnaire design.
- Use simple and concise language.
- Each question should ask about one “thing” only.
- Each question should have no escape route, i.e. “Don't
know; No comment; It depends.
- Be polite

- Get the question order right.
- Make the layout easy to follow.
- Give clear instructions.
- Test the questions.
- Test the questionnaire first.

IV. Results:
This section should present your findings. You can
use tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate your
data.
A. Presentation of findings
B. Analysis and interpretation of results
C. Comparison of results with previous studies
 

Information conventions:
a. Locating the figures
b. Presenting the findings
- Variation or fluctuation over time
- Relationship of one or more variables
- Comparison
c. Commenting on the results
- Generalizing from the results
- Explaining possible reasons for the results
- Comparing the results with results from other studies, or with
empirical research.

V. Discussion:
This section should interpret your findings and
explain what they mean in relation to your
research question or hypothesis. You should
also discuss any limitations of your study and
suggest areas for future research.
A. Summary of key findings
B. Explanation of how results address the
research questions 

C. Implications of results for the field
D. Restrictions/limitations to generalize the
findings
E. Recommendation for further research.
 

VI. Conclusion
The generalization/summary
The achieved objectives
The limitations
The recommendations/suggestions

ABSTRACT
Abstract
Key words
(They are in both Vietnamese and English)

The order in an abstract:
B: background information
P: purpose of the study
M: methodology used in the study
R: the most important results of the study
C: Conclusion or recommendation

The order in a reduced abstract:
P + M: purpose of the study and methodology
R: the most important results of the study
C: Conclusion or recommendation

Book references
1. Author's name (surname, initial, first name)
2. Year of publication (in parentheses)
3. Title (in italic)
4. Place of publication
5. Publisher
Notes: Comma between surname and first name. No
punctuation between year of publication and title. Comma
between title and place. Colon between place and publisher. Full
stop in the end.
Ho, Chi Minh (1962). Nhat ki trong tu, Hanoi: Su that.

References
1. Clark, Mona A. et al. (1998). Researching and Writing
Dissertation in Hospitality and Tourism. New York: Longmans.
2. Cooper, Donald E. et al. (1995). Business Research Methods.
Irwind.
3. Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (1991). Writing Academic English, 2nd
Edition, USA: Addition-Wesley Pubishing Company, Inc.
4. Weissberg, R. & Buker, S. (1990). Writing up Research, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Links:

Appendice
(Optional)
Attach any:
+ Table
+ Conference paper (you have published)
+ Workshop paper (you have published)
+ Book (you have published)

Good luck!