EXPLORING DIVERSITY OF MATTER USING SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
What are the other types
of seperation techniques?
How are seperation
techniques useful to us?
What is the seperation
technique used by
the flamigoes
during feeding?
SEPARATING MIXTURE
Magnetic attraction
Filtration
Evaporation
Distillation
Paper chromatography
The techniques used to separate a mixture depends on
Physical properties of the substances present in the mixture
Substances to be obtained from the mixture
Magnetic attraction
Magnetic attraction is used to seperate magnetic materials from non- magnetic materials
Step 1. Mix two small dishes of sand
and iron fillings together
Step 2. Place a magnet over
the mixture of sand and iron filings
Step 3. The iron filings are attracted
to the magnet.
Sand is not attracted to
the magnet and remains in the dish.
s1. A powerful magnet is used to
seperate iron and steel
from other materials in a junkyard.
s2. When the magnet is turned off,
iron and steel are dropped into a collection bin.
The iron and steel
that are retrieved are sold
as scrap metal and brought
to recycling centres
s3. Iron and steel are then reused in
new objects that are made
Salvaging of iron and steel
Application of
magnetic
attraction
Application of
magnetic
attraction
s1. During food processing,
metal pieces may accidentially
get into the food products
s2. Food is placed in magnetic separators
that detect and remove
any metal pieces in the food
s3. Removal of the metal pieces
keeps the food clean and safe to be eaten.
The food is futher processed
before being sold in shops
FILTRATION
Filtration is the technique used to separate an isoluble solid from the liquid in a liquid - solid mixture
s1. A suspension is passed through
a filter paper as shown. The filter paper has tiny pores
s2. The filter paper has tiny pores
that allow the smaller liquid particles to pass through while trapping
the large solid particles. The trapped solid particles
that remain on the filter paper is called the residue
s3. The liquid that passes through
the filter paper is called the filtrate
s1. Filter paper is placed in the filter cone
s2. Water is poured into the filter cone
s3. The filter paper separates
the ground coffee from the liquid coffee
APPLICATION OF FILTRATION
Coffee maker
APPLICATION OF FILTRATION
s1. Raw water from the reservoir
is treated with chemicals to kill germs and bacteria
s2. Water is filtered through layers of sand beds, which contain sand grains of different sizes
s3. Solid silt and sand particles are removed from the water
Water treatment
Nose hairs in our nostrils help to filter the air entering our lungs
some partS of our body
Our kidneys function as filter for our blood
Control the types of substances entering and leaving our body
EVAPORATION
Evaporation is the technique used to separate dissolved solids from a solid - liquid mixture
s1. A solution is heated over a water bath
s2. When the solvent has completely
evaporated, no liquid is left behind
s3. The solid left behind is the residue
APPLICATION OF EVAPORATION
Using evaporation to obtain salt
s1. In some parts of the world where
temperatures are high,
seawater is allowed to
flow into large flat pans called salt pans
s2. The heat from the sun evaporates
the water, leaving the salt behind.
The salt is then piled into heaps to dry
DISTILLATION
Distillation is the technique used to seperate a pure liquid from a solid - liquid or liquid - liquid mixture
s1. The mixture is heated in
a distilling flask until the mixture boils
s2. The vapour formed is allowed to
escape into the condenser
where the vapour condenses.
s3. The pure liquid collected from distillation
is called the distillation.
The distillate is collected in a conical flask
APPLICATION OF DISTILLATION
The application of distillation is the treatment of seawater to obtain potable water
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
s1. A spot of ink is applied to a piece of chromatography paper which is then lowered into the solvent. The solvent dissolves the dyes in the ink. The dyes move up the paper together with the solvent
Chromatography is the technique used to seperate small amounts of substances from mixtures based on the different solubilities of the components in a particular solvent
s2. The different dyes in the ink mixture travel at
different rates along the paper
s3. At the end of the experiment, the different dyes in the ink
will be separated on the chromatography paper.
The paper with the different coloured spots is called a chromatogram
APPLICATION OF PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Identify the contents of a mixture
Test the purity of a substance
Identifying the dyes used in ink
Identifying food colouring
OBTAINING DRINKING WATER FROM
NON - POTABLE WATER
WE CAN USE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES TO OBTAIN DRINKING WATER FROM NON - POTABLE SOURCES
Used water
Seawater
Obtaining drinking water from used water
s1. A membrane is used as a filter.
This membrane has tiny pores
that trap suspended solids
and most disease - causing micro-organism
s2. The water obtained from microfiltration contains mainly dissolved salts and molecules
Microfiltration
Reverse osmosis
s1. The water obtained from microfiltration is pumped
at high pressure through a special membrane
s2. The pores of this membrane are so small
that only very small molecules such as
water molecules can pass through
s3. The water obtained from reverse osmosis
is free from bacteria and viruses.
It also contains trace amounts of dissolved salts and molecules
Treatment of seawater
vaporisation
condensation
Desalination plants
s1. Seawater is heated in
a boiling chamber to produce steam
s2. The steam condenses as it passes through the condenser
s3. Water is then collected as a distillate
Desalination plants are used to
convert seawater to drinking water on ships
and in many dry regions on the earth