PRONUNCIATION
shrimp
split
spring /sprɪŋ/

/ʃrɪmp/
/splɪt/
E. LANGUAGE FOCUS
LISTEN AND REPEAT
Practise reading aloud these sentences:
1. They were all shrieking with laughter.
2. He shrugged (his shoulders), saying he didn’t know and didn’t care.
3. My dad hates shrimp paste.
4. What a splendid spring day!
5. The stream splits into three smaller streams at this point.
6. The house has a narrow front, but it splays out at the back
RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO-INFINITIVES
OVERVIEW
There are two kinds of participles:
Present participle (V-ing)
Past participle (V3ed)
We can use participles and to-infinitives to reduce relative clauses

The girl is Lan’s sister. She is playing with the dog.

 The girl who is playing with the dog is Lan’s sister.

 The girl playing with the dog is Lan’s sister.

The man spoke to Mary. He is my brother.
The man who spoke to Mary is my brother.
The man speaking to Mary is my brother.
We can use a present participle to replace a relative clause whose main verb has an active meaning.

N + WH + active V …

 N + V-ing …

The book is her first novel. It was published last week.
 The book which was published last week is her first novel.
 The book published last week is her first novel.

The Sport Game was the first Asian Games. It was held in India in 1951
 The Sport Game which was held in India in 1951 was the first Asian Games.
 The Sport Games held in India in 1951 was the first Asian Games.

We can use a past participle to replace a relative clause whose main verb has a passive meaning.
N + WH + be + past participle

 N + past participle …

New Zealand was the first country. It gave women the right to vote.
 New Zealand was the first country which gave women the right to vote.
 New Zealand was the first country to give women the right to vote.

Joe Clark was the youngest person. He became Canada`s Prime Minister in 1979.
 Joe Clark was the youngest person who became Canada’s Prime Minister.
 Joe Clark was the youngest person to become Canada’s Prime Minister.
We can use a to-infinitive to replace a relative clause
We often use a to-infinitive after the first, the second, next, last, only, nothing, anything, and superlative adjectives
Exercise 1.
1. The boy who is playing the piano is Ben.
 The boy playing the piano is Ben.
2. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?
 Do you know the woman coming towards us?
3. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
 The people waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
Exercise 1.
4. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
 The scientists researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
5. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.
 The fence surrounding our house is made of wood.
6. We have an apartment which overlooks the park.
 We have an apartment overlooking the park.

Exercise 2.
1. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
 The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.
 I come from a city located in the southern part of the country.
3. They live in a house that was built in 1980.
 They live in a house built in 1980.

Exercise 2.
4. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary
 The photographs published in the newspaper were extraordinary.
5. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.
 The experiment conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.
6. They work in a hospital which was sponsored by the government.
 They work in a hospital sponsored by the government.

Exercise 3.
1. John was the last man who reached the top of the mountain.
 John was the last man to reach the top of the mountain.
2. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light.
The last person to leave the room must turn off the light.
3. The first person that we must see is Mr. Smith
 The first person to see is Mr. Smith.
Exercise 3.
4. This is the second person who was killed in that way.
This is the second person to be killed in that way.
5. The first person who catches the ball will be the winner.
 The fist person to catch the ball will be the winner.
CONSOLIDATION
PRONUNCIATION: /∫r/ - /spl/ - /spr/
GRAMMAR: A relative clause can be reduced by:
A present participle if the main verb has an active meaning
A past participle if the main verb has a passive meaning
A to-infinitive if the main clause has the first, the second, next, last, only, nothing, anything, and superlative adjectives
HOMEWORK
Practise pronunciation at home
Learn the grammar rules