welcome to our class
Teacher : Nguyen Thi Ha
Quang Trung High School
Reduced relative clauses
Unit 8: OUR WORLD HERITAGE SITES
Grammar
I. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ
II. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành động từ nguyên mẫu
Reduced relative clauses
I. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ:
Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that có thể được rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) hoặc quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).
1. Hiện tại phân từ (V-ing)
Khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, và động từ theo sau nó ở dạng chủ động, chúng ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ đó với hiện tại phân từ .
Eg: a/ The man who is standing over there is my father.
→ the man standing over there is my father
b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors.
→ The couple living next door to me are professors
2. Quá khứ phân từ (P2)
Khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, và động từ theo sau nó ở dạng bị động, chúng ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ đó với quá khứ phân từ

Eg: a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important.
→ The instructions given on the front page are very important
b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting.
→ The book bought by my mother is interesting
Note:
1.Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là cấu trúc bị động của thì hiện tại tiếp diễn , chúng ta sẽ bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ “ be” và giữa nguyên
“ being + P2”
Eg: a. The young trees which are being planted today will one day grow into huge trees.
The young trees being planted today will one day grow into huge trees.

b. The candidate who is being interviewed is totally unqualified
> The candidate being interviewed is totally unqualified
2. Khi mệnh đề quan hệ có một hoặc nhiều tính từ , chúng ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ “ be” sau đó chúng ta đặt tính từ đúng trước danh từ
Eg: a. The children who were happy played until nine in the evening.
The happy children played until nine in the evening.

b. The house which was beautiful was sold for $300,000.
> The beautiful house was sold for $300,000.
3. - Nếu đại từ quan hệ “ that is “ đứng trước là đại từ bất định “something / nothing / anything / someone / somewhere / nowhere / anywhere” chúng ta thay đổi mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ Tính từ hoặc Tính từ.
Eg: a. There must be something that is wrong
> There must be something wrong

b.I am looking for someone that is responsible for the damage.
> I am looking for someone responsible for the damage
4. Khi mệnh đề quan hệ được phân tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy và chứa cụm tính từ hoặc chứa ít nhất hai tính từ, chúng ta bỏ qua đại từ quan hệ và động từ “be”.
Eg: a. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house
> My grandmother, old and sick, never goes out of the house

b. Mary, who is beautiful and intelligent, is the best girl in my class
> Mary, beautiful and intelligent, is the best girl in my class
5. Khi mệnh đề quan hệ chứa một cụm giới từ sau động từ chính “be”, khi đó chúng ta bỏ qua đại từ quan hệ và động từ “be”.
Eg: The woman who was at the meeting spoke about business in Europe.  
→  The woman at the meeting spoke about business in Europe
II. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành động từ nguyên mẫu:
Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có các cụm từ: the first, the second..(STT), the last, the only, the next hoặc hình thức so sánh bậc nhất.
* Khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, và động từ theo sau nó ở dạng chủ động, chúng ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ đó với “ to + V”
* Khi đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, và động từ theo sau nó ở dạng bị động , chúng ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ đó với “ to be + P2”
Eg: a/ She is always the first who comes and the last who leaves.
→ She is always the first person to come and the last to leave.
b/ He was the best player that got the prize.
→ He was the best played to get the prize
c. he was the last person who was interviewed yesterday.
> he was the last person to be interviewed yesterday
Note
1. Nếu động từ chính trong mệnh đề chính là “ have” , chúng ta thay đổi mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ “infinitive”
Eg: a.I have something that I need to do tonight.
→ I have something to do tonight.

b. She had 2 reports that she had to write last week.
→ She had 2 reports to write last week.

c. Do you have a knife which I can cut this apple with?
→ Do you have a knife to cut this apple with?
2. Đầu câu có: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Eg: There are six letters which have to be written today
=> There are six letters to be written today.
3. Nếu chủ ngữ của hai mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm “ for + Object” vào trước “ To+ V”
Eg: My mum has prepared a splendid meal which you will enjoy

> My mum has prepared a splendid meal for you to enjoy
Practice
Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
The best way ____ London is by taking a guided tour.
of which to see B. to see
C. seeing D. in which you see
2. The Complex of Hue Monuments was the first site in Viet Nam ____ to the World Heritage List.
adding B. to add
C. to be added D. added
3. Situated on Cam Khe Hill, Tomb of Minh Mang is one of the most interesting royal tombs ____ in Hue.
to visit B. visited
C. visiting D. being visited
4. Scientists ____ on the site found many ancient tools, tombs and pottery, and made some important archaeological discoveries.
worked B. working
C. to work D. to be working
5. I think China will be the next country ____ the Olympic Games.
who host B. hosting
C. to host D. hosted
6. Trang An Scenic Landscape Complex is the 8th World Heritage in Viet Nam ____ by UNESCO.
to be recognised B. to recognise
C. recognising D. recognised
7. Tourists ____ the train from London to Stratford have to change at Coventry.
take B. taking
C. to take D. who takes
Here are some of the things ………when visiting a heritage site.
to avoid B. avoiding
C. avoided D. avoid
9. Have you visited the pagodas ____ on Tran Phu Street in Hoi An.
to lie B. lying
C. lain D. lie
10. The boy ____ in the accident was taken to hospital.
injuring B. being injured
C. have injured D. injured
Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using present participle, past participle or to-infinitive.
1.The man who is talking to John is from Korea.
> ……………………………………………………………………..
2. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
> …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Ann is the woman who is responsible for preparing the budget.
>…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
The man talking to John is from Korea.
The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
Ann is the woman responsible for preparing the budget.
4. The books that are on that shelf are mine.
>……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The children who attend that school receive a good education.
>………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
>……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The books on that shelf are mine.
The children attending that school receive a good education.
The psychologists studying the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
7. The sunlight which comes through the window wakes me up early every morning.
>……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. John Quincy Adams, who was born on July 11th 1767, was the sixth president of the United States.
> …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

9. These are the ancient houses which were built a long time ago.
>…......................................................................................................
The sunlight coming through the window wakes me up early every morning.
These are the ancient houses built a long time ago.
John Quincy Adams, born on July 11th 1767, was the sixth president of the United States.
10. The noise which comes from the boat engine might disturb sea animals.
>…………………………………………………………………
11. There is nothing more that we can do about the fire.
> …………………………………………………………………
12. We had a river in which we could swim .
>……………………………………………………………………..
13. Here are some accounts that you must check.
>………………………………………………………………………………
14. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
>………………………………………………………………..
The noise coming from the boat engine might disturb sea animals
There is nothing more for us to do about the fire
We had a river to swim in
Here are some accounts for you to check
The ideas presented in that book are interesting
1.The man (talk)……………..to the policeman has just returned home from Paris.
2. The novel (buy)………………………by my sister is very interesting.
3. The students (make)…………………...noise in class will be punished.
4. Passengers (travel)………………… on this bus bought their tickets in books.
5. Do you see the notice (warn)……………… people not to enter the military zone?
Exercise 3: Complete the sentence with a participle or infinitive form of the verbs in brackets.
talking
bought
making
travelling
warning
who is talking
which was bought
who make
who travelled
which warns
6. The stairs (lead)……………… to the cellar are rather slippery.
7. We had a river (swim) ………… in
8. You are the last person (see)…………… her alive.
9. The pilot was the only one (survive)…………………….. the air crash.
10. He was the second man (kill)…………………. in this way.
11. Neil Armstrong was the first man (walk)………………… on the moon.
leading
to swim
to see
to survive
to be killed
to walk
which lead
which we could swim.
who saw
who survived
who was killed
who walked
12. Here are some accounts for you (check)…………………………………
13. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything (open) ……………… it with.
14. I have some letters (write)………………………………..
15. He simply loves parties. He is always the first (come)………………. and the last (go)…………
to check
to open
to write
to come
to go
that I could open
that you must check
that I must write.
who goes.
who comes
16. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship (build)…………………… on the Clyde.
17. Emma Thompson is the most famous actress (appear) …………………………………. on stage here.
18. We have some picture books for children ( read) ……………………………………
19. I come from a city (locate) ……………………………………..in the southern part of the country.
to be built
to appear
to read
located
which has been built
who will appear
that is located
that children can read.