Reduced forms (non-finite clauses)
Mr. Ánh
(1) Present participle
+ The same time:
I met the man who gave me a book.
I met the man giving me a book.
When I met the man, I gave him a book.
Meeting the man, I gave him a book.
+ The preceding time:
I met the man who had given me a book.
I met the man having given me a book.
When I had talked to the man, I gave him a book.
Having talked to the man, I gave him a book.


(2) Past participle
(The passive voice)
+ The simultaneous time:
The man who was given a book was her relative.
The man (being) given a book was her relative.
+ The preceding time:
The man who had been given a book was her relative.
The man having been given a book was her relative.



Past participle
(The passive voice)
+ The simultaneous time:
When the man was given a book, he was happy.
(Being) Given a book, the man was happy.
+ The preceding time:
Because the man had been given a book, he was happy.
Having been given a book, the man was happy.



(3) Infinitive phrase
+ The same (simultaneous) time:
I met the first man who gave me a book.
I met the first man to give me a book.
I met the man so that I could give him a book.
I met the man to give him a book.
+ The preceding time:
The first man who had given me a book was kind.
The first man to have given me a book was kind.







Infinitive phrase
(The passive voice)
+ The simultaneous time:
The smallest door that should be fixed is on the first floor.
The smallest door to be fixed is on the first floor.
+ The preceding time:
The smallest door that should have been fixed is on the first floor.
The smallest door to have been fixed is on the first floor.






(4) Absolute phrase
When the young ape was wounded, the mother ape felt hurt.
When the young ape (being) wounded, the mother ape felt hurt.







(5) Gerund
+ The simultaneous time:
Meeting you is my honor.
+ The preceding time:
Having met you is my honor.




(6) Appositive
Mr. Hung is a doctor. He works at Binh Dan hospital.
Mr. Hung, a doctor, works at Binh Dan hospital.







(7) Verbless phrase
When he was in Paris, he met his wife for the first time.
When in Paris, he met his wife for the first time.