REDUCED FORMS OF RELATIVE CLAUSE
Group 2 – 11DT
2009 – 2010
3 forms
PARTICIPLE PHRASE

TO INFINITIVE PHRASE

NOUN PHRASE –
APPOSITIVE

1. PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Present participle:
The verbs used in relative clauses are in continuous tense.
Ex: The man, who is sitting next to Mary, is my uncle.
→ The man sitting next to Mary is my uncle.
1. PARTICIPLE PHRASE
The verbs used in relative clauses express long-term or habitual actions.
Ex: The road that joins the two villages is very narrow.
→ The road joining the two villages is very narrow.
1. PARTICIPLE PHRASE
The verbs used in relative clauses express hope, wish …
Ex: Fans who hope to buy tickets have been queuing all night.
→ Fans hoping to buy tickets have been queuing all night.
1. PARTICIPLE PHRASE
*NOTE* Don’t use present participle to express a single action in the past.
Ex: The police wanted to interview the people who saw the accident.
Not: …the people seeing the accident.
1. PARTICIPLE PHRASE
b) Past Participle:
The verbs used in relative clauses are in passive form.
Ex: Some of the people who have been invited to the party can’t come.
→ Some of the people invited to the party can’t come.
2. TO INFINITIVE PHRASE
After first, second,…, last, next, only, and superlatives.
Ex: The captain was the last man that left the ship.
→ The captain was the last man to leave the ship.
2. TO INFINITIVE PHRASE
b) To express purpose or permission.
Ex: The children need a big yard which they can play in.
→ The children need a big yard to play in.
3. NOUN PHRASE - APPOSITIVE
Non-defining relative clauses can be reduced to a noun phrase.
Ex: Washington, who was the first president of the US, was a general in the army.
→ Washington, the first president of the US, was a general in the army.