Reduced relative clauses
Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn
Mr. Anh
(1) Present participle
+ The same time: (Thời gian giống nhau)
I met the man who gave me a book.
I met the man giving me a book.
+ The preceding time: (Thời gian trước)
I met the man who had given me a book.
I met the man having given me a book.



(2) Past participle
(The passive voice)
+ The simultaneous time: (Thời gian cùng một lúc)
The man who was given a book was her relative.
The man (being) given a book was her relative.
+ The preceding time: (Thời gian trước)
The man who had been given a book was her relative.
The man having been given a book was her relative.



(3) Infinitive phrase
+ The same (simultaneous) time: (Thời gian cùng một lúc)
I met the first man who gave me a book.
I met the first man to give me a book.
+ The preceding time: (Thời gian trước)
The first man who had given me a book was kind.
The first man to have given me a book was kind.

Notes: ordinal numbers, superlative degrees, only, etc.





(3) Infinitive phrase
(The passive voice)
+ The simultaneous time: (Thời gian cùng một lúc)
The smallest door that should be fixed is on the first floor.
The smallest door to be fixed is on the first floor.
+ The preceding time: (Thời gian trước)
The smallest door that should have been fixed is on the first floor.
The smallest door to have been fixed is on the first floor.






(4) Appositive
Đồng ngữ (Ngữ đồng vị)
+ Jack, who is a student, is my friend.
Jack, a student, is my friend.

+ This is Mr. Ngan, who is a teacher of English.
This is Mr. Ngan, a teacher of English.



(4) Appositive
Mr. Hung, who is a doctor, works at Binh Dan hospital.
Mr. Hung, a doctor, works at Binh Dan hospital.







(5) Prepositional phrase
Cụm giới từ
+ I know a woman who is from Binh Dinh.
I know a woman from Binh Dinh.

+ This man, who is in Nha Trang, can speak French.
This man, in Nha Trang, can speak French.

Notes: We omit RELATIVE PRONOUN and BE.

Reduce the relative clauses to the phrases:
1. The man who lives next to my house is rich.
2. Jack, who won a prize, learned very well.
3. The woman who helped you is very kind.
4. The book which is put on the table is Jack’s.
5. Mike, who had broken his leg, was in hospital.
6. The pen which was bought by Lan was useful.
7. They saw a crab which was tied in the sink.
8. The child who speaks English well lives in the city.


9. The farmer raised some chickens that were sold later.
10. I have a friend who works in a factory.
11. She knows a man who is a doctor.
12. The teacher who teaches French looks nice.
13. Mary, who is my friend, plays the violin well.
14. The car which had been lost was found again.
15. The doctor who had treated me visited my father.
16. They raise a dog which catches mice well.







Good luck!