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Warm - up: Combine the sentences with relative pronouns.
LUCKY SINGER
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The man is my brother.
He spoke to John.
The man who/that spoke to John is my brother.
The woman is my friend.
She is playing with the dog.
The woman who/that is playing with the dog is my friend.
This is the last cake.
It is sold today.
The house was very old.
It was built by Tom.
Unit 11: SOURCES OF ENERGY
E. LANGUAGE FOCUS
GRAMMAR
RELATIVE CLAUSES
REPLACED BY
PARTICIPLES OR
TO INFINITIVES

GRAMMAR
REDUCTION FORM OF RELATIVE CLAUSES



Ex1: The man who spoke to John is my brother.
who spoke  speaking
The man speaking to John is my brother.
Ex2: The woman who is playing with the dog is my friend.
who is playing  playing
The woman playing with the dog is my friend.
FORMULA 1
N + WHO/WHICH/THAT + V (active)

N + V-ing …


EXERCISE 1
1. The boy who is playing the piano is Ben.
 The boy playing the piano is Ben.
2. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?
 Do you know the woman coming towards us?
3. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
 The people waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.
4. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
 The scientists researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
5. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.
 The fence surrounding our house is made of wood.
6. We have an apartment which overlooks the park.
 We have an apartment overlooking the park.

GRAMMAR
REDUCTION FORM OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Ex3: The house which was built by my grandfather was very old.
 The house built by my grandfather was very old.
which was built  built
FORMULA 2
N + WHO/WHICH/THAT + BE + V-3/ED (passive)

N + V-3/ed…
EXERCISE 2
1. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
 The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.
 I come from a city located in the southern part of the country.
3. They live in a house that was built in 1980.
 They live in a house built in 1980.
4. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary
 The photographs published in the newspaper were extraordinary.
5. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.
 The experiment conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.
6. They work in a hospital which was sponsored by the
government.
 They work in a hospital sponsored by the government.
Ex5: That was the first person who did homework.
 That was the first person to do homework.
the first…who did  the first…to do
Ex6: This is the last cake that is sold today.
 This is the last cake to be sold today.
the last…that is sold  the last…to be sold
FORMULA 3
The first/second/… /last (N) + WHO/THAT/WHICH + V…


The first/second/..…./last (N) + to V…
GRAMMAR
REDUCTION FORM OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
tobe V3-ED
BE V3-ED

EXERCISE 3
John was the last man who reached the top of the mountain.
 John was the last man to reach the top of the mountain.
2. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light.
 The last person to leave the room must turn off the light.
3. The first person that we must see is Mr. Smith.
 The first person (for us) to see is Mr. Smith.
4. This is the second person who was killed in that way.
 This is the second person to be killed in that way.
5. The first person who catches the ball will be the winner.
 The first person to catch the ball will be the winner.
FURTHER PRACTICE MORE
I. Choose the best answers which reduce these sentences by using participles or to infinitives.
1.Who’s the girl that is waiting outside?
A. to wait B. waiting C. waited
2. Don’t let me be the last person who knows your decision.
A. to know B. knowing C. known
3. The man who was caught by the police last night was a notorious criminal.
A. to catch B. catching C. caught
4. The man who saved me from the lake was very brave.
A. to save B. saving C. saved
5. The third train which leaves the station is to London.
A. to leave B. leaving C. left
B
A
C
B
A
II. Reduce these sentences by using participles or to infinitives.
1. Have you read the book that was written by Nguyen Du?
? Have you read the book written by Nguyen Du?
2. The road which connects Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city is called Number 1.
? The road connecting Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city is called Number 1.
3. This is the second novel which was written by this famous writer.
? This is the second novel to be written by this famous writer.
4. The man who sat next to me on the train looked gentle.
? The man sitting next to me on the train looked
gentle.