VERBS (Vs)
Some abbreviations: abbr, something (sth), someone (s.o), you (u),
A. Classes of Vs:
1. Auxiliary V: help to form tense, mood, voice of a principle Vs (do, does, did)
+ Principle Aux V
+ Modal (can, could, shall, may, could, would,…)
+ Semi-modal: need, dare, used to, have to…
2. Ordinary Vs: can be divided into 2 classes
+ Transitive: Need direct O (like, hate, enjoy,….)
Mono-transitive: I buy that book (1 Object)
Ditransitive: I give a book to her (2 Os)
Complex-transitive: I lay my love on you ( 1 O and 1 Adv); she named her dog “golden” ( 1 O+ 1 complement)
+ Intransitive: No need O (laugh, smile, cry, die,…..)
-> Transitive can be changed into passive form
B. Properties of Vs: Voice, tense, mood, person and number.
I. Voice: form of a V shows whether the S does something or has Sthing done it (active and passive)
+ The V is in Active voice when S acts sth.
Ex: I bought a new book last month.
+ The V is in passive form when S is refused sth from others or things.
Ex: a new book was bought yesterday.
+ The passive of an active tenses is formed by putting “v” “to be” into the same tense of the active of V and adding p.p of the active V. S of active V become the agent of the passive V. The agent is not very often mentioned. When it’s mentioned, it’s preceded with “BY” and plays at the end of clause.
* Notes:
+ Imperative: Open the door please! -> Let the door be opened.
+ Infinitive: It’s hard to believe his story-> It’s hard for his story to be believed.
+ Prep Vs: he’s interested in that film-> That film is interested in (by him).

USES OF PASSIVE
1. When it’s not necessary to mention the Doer of action as it’s obviously who s/he is, was, will be.
Ex: My friend was killed by a lion
2. When we don’t know or had forgot who did the action
Ex: the house next door has been bought by John.
3. When we are more interested in the action than person who does it.
Ex: The Minister was murdered
4. Sometimes it’s preferred for psychology reason. A speaker may use it to neglect responsibility for disagreeable announcement or the speaker may know who performed but want to avoid giving names.
Ex: That rug was made.

II/ Mood: or manner in which a state or action is spoken of :
+ Indicative: used to assert sth as a fact or a state
Ex:
+ Imperative: used to express a require an order or an action (S is often omitted)
Ex: Open your book now!
+ Subjunctive: A desire, wish or a condition
Ex: Long live the President!
III/ Tenses: show the time when an event occurs ( 8 basis tenses)
IV/ Person and number: 3 persons : spoken to/ of; 2 numbers (sing and plural)
* Finite and non-finite:
- Finite Vs: those which are limited or bound to some S
Ex: Leaves are falling on the street.
- Non-finite: is not limited or bound to S
* Kinds of Non-finite: 3
1. Infinitive:
2. Participle: ( Present, past and perfect)
3. Gerund: Speaking English regularly helps me to improve the skills.
* Properties of non-finite Vs:
- Inf is a word doing the work of a V and sometimes do the work of a N
Ex: To live is to struggle
- Is a verbal N and it’s like a N because:
a. can be S to a V:
b. can be O to a V: He promises to give me a ring.
c. can be O to a prep: My work is about to start.
d. can be a Comp to a V: I advise him to confess his guilt.
- It’s like a V bc:
e. She taught me to read and write
f. I heard him to come into the house
g. To speak slowly is a harder than to speak fast.




FORM

TENSE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE

Present
To make
To be made

Present perfect
To have made
To have been made

Present - continuous
Be making
Non


IV/ Non-infinitive: does the work of a N such as: S, O,