Chuyên đề: Reported speech

*There are 4 types of reported speech:
Tóm tắt

Câu gián tiếp
1. Statements

(Câu phát biểu)

*S + said + (that) + S + V (lùi thì)
* S + told /asked + O + S + V (lùi thì)
2. Commands

(Câu mệnh lệnh)

*S + told/asked + O + to – V ** S + told /asked+ O + not + to – V
3. Wh-questions

(Câu hỏi nội dung)

* S + asked + O + wh-… + S + V (lùi thì)

*S + wondered + wh-… + S + V (lùi thì)
* S + wanted to know + wh-… + S + V (lùi thì)
4. Yes-no questions

(Câu hỏi có không)

* S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V (lùi thì)

*S + wondered + if /whether + S + V (lùi thì)

* S + wanted to know + if / whether + S + V (lùi thì)
I. CÁC NGUYÊN TẮC CHUNG

1. Thay đổi động từ trong câu tường thuật

*Động từ tường thuật là động từ giới thiệu câu nói trực tiếp hay câu nói gián tiếp. Khi đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, động từ tường thuật được thay đổi tùy theo trường hợp cụ thể. *Dưới đây là các động tường thuật dùng trong câu:

Said → said (that)

Said to sb → told sb

Ex: 1. He said, “I am twenty years old.”

He said (that) he was twenty years old.

2. He said to me, “I work in a factory.”

He told me he worked in a factory.
1.Simple present (V(s/es)) - is / am /are

 Simple past (V2/ed ) - was / were
2. Simple past (V2/ed)

 Past perfect ( had + V3/ed )
3. Simple future (will/ shall + V0 )

 Future in the past ( would/ should + V0 )
4. Present continuous(am/is/are+ V-ing)

 Past continuous (was/ were + V-ing )
5.Past continuous (was/were + V-ing)

 Past perfect continuous/past continuous (had + been + V-ing)
6. Future continuous (will + be + V-ing)

 Future continuous in the past (would + be + V-ing)
7. Present perfect (have/has + V3/ed)

 Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
8. Past perfect (had + V3/ed)

 Past perfect (had + V3/ed)
9. Future perfect (will + have + V3/ed)

 Future perfect in the past (would + have + V3/ed)
10. can

 could
11. may

 might
10. must/ have, has to

 had to
2. Lùi thì
Ex: 1. He said, “I am a taxi driver.”

_He said (that) he was a taxi driver._

_ 2. _He said, “I am living in London.”

_He said he was living in London._

_ 3. _He said, “I have visited many famous places.”

_He said he had visited many famous places._

_ 4. _He said, “I visited The Great Wall in China.”

_He said he had visited The Great Wall in China._

_ 5._He said, “I will look for a better job.”

_He said he would look for a better job._

6. “I must go now,” Alice said.

_Alice said that he had to go at that time. _

_ 7. _She said, “I can swim.” _ _

_ She said she could swim._
3. Thay đổi từ chỉ định, các trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
DIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH
this

that
these

those
now

then, at that time, immediately
here

there
today

that day
ago

before
yesterday

the day before, the previous day
tomorrow

the next day, the following day, the day after
this year / month / week

that year / month / week
last year / month / week

the year / month / week before;

the previous year / month / week.
next year / month / week

the year / month / week after;

the following year / month / week.
a year / month / week ago

a year / month / week before;

a year / month / week earlier
The day before yesterday

Two days before
The day after tomorrow

Two days after
Ex: 1. He said, “I am working hard today.”

_He said that he was working hard that day._

_ 2. _They said, “We went to work late yesterday.”

T_hey said that they had gone to work late the day before._
4. Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:
Câu trực tiếp

Câu gián tiếp
Ngôi thứ nhất ( I )

Đôỉ thành ngôi của người nói (cùng ngôi với chủ từ trong mệnh đề chính
Ngôi thứ hai (you/we/they/DTSN )

Đổi thành ngôi của người nghe (cùng ngôi với tân ngữ trong mệnh đề chính)
Ngôi thứ ba (he/she/It/DTS ít )

Không thay đổi
Ex: 1. He said, “I like my job.”

_He said he liked his job._

2. He said to me, “You look like my sister.”

_He told me I looked like his siter._

* LƯU Ý: Các trường hợp KHÔNG thay đổi thì trong câu tường thuật:

a. Câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lí, hay một thói quen ở hiện tại.

- Nếu câu nói trực tiếp nói về một sự thật, một chân lí hay một thói quen thường xuyên lặp đi, lập lại ở hiện tại, khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta phải giữ nguyên thì của câu trực tiếp.

Ex 1: The teacher said, “The earth moves round the Sun”

The teacher said that The earth moves round the Sun.

2: My wife always drinks coffee for breakfast.

_ _ He said that his wife always drinks coffee for breakfast.
b. Động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn :

- Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn thì khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp ta giữ nguyên thì của động từ và ta chỉ đổi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ… nếu cần.

- Các động từ tường thuật ta thường gặp :

say ( nói )

tell ( bảo, kể )

order = command = request ( ra lệnh, yêu cầu )

ask ( hỏi )

Ex: The doctor says to me“ you should give up smoking”

The doctor says to me that I should give up smoking.

c. Không thay đổ thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp nếu có thời gian xác định trong quá khứ.

Ex. She said, ''I was born in 1980''

She said that she was born in 1980
e. Các động từ khiếm khuyết: _could, would, might, ought to, should_ thường không thay đổi trong câu tường thuật.

Ex. He said, 'I might come'

He said that He might come'

_- _Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn: “wish'

Ex: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money”

 He wishes (that) he had a lot of money

1. Statements

(Câu phát biểu) * S + said + (that) + S + V(lùi thì)

* S + told + O + S + V(lùi thì)

II. Bài tập vận dụng từng dạng
1. He said, “I have just bought a computer today.”

2. Linda said, “There is someone at the door, Bill.”

3. Thomas said “All the students will have a meeting next week”

4. She said “My parents are very proud of my good marks”

5. The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully”

6. Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend”

7. She said “I may visit my parents in summer”

8. The teacher said “We can collect old book for the poor students”

9. She said “I don't buy this book”
2. Commands/ orders / requests (Câu mệnh lệnh/Câu đề nghị / Câu yêu cầu)

(tell, ask. order, advise, warn. beg. command, remind)

* S + told/asked + O + to - V

* S + told /asked+ O + not + to - V
1. Dick said to Jim: “Please open the window.”

→Dick told

2. Mother said, “Tim, go to bed early.”

→ Mother told

3. Father said to Liz: “Don't come home late.”

 Father told

4. Mary angrily said: “Never smoke in my room.”

→ Mary told
5. “Would you turn on the radio, please?” She asked.

→ She asked

6. “Could you lend me some money, please?” He asked

He asked

7. “Please, please turn off the T.V, John,” said Tom.

→Tom begged

8. He said to me: “Don't come back before one o'clock”.

→ He asked

9. “Don't touch that switch, Peter.” I said

→ I warned

10. “Remember to write to me soon,” she said to me.

→ She reminded
3. Y-N questions: (câu hỏi Y/N)

* S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V(lùi thì)

* S + wondered + if /whether + S + V(lùi thì)

* S + wanted to know + if /whether + S + V (lùi thì)

*He said to me, “Are you from Canada?”

_2. _The man said to her, “Did Bill tell you my address?”

_3. _The girl said, “Do you live near here, David?”

4. “Do you like sports?” Hang asked Nam
5. “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam

6. “Are there some oranges in the fridge?” She asked her mom

7. “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend

8. “Did you go to Hue three years ago?” Tam asked Peter

9. “Are Tam and Hoa late for class?” Tuan asked Lan

10. She said to me “Can you speak Chinese?”

11. “Will you be here for five days?” Tam asked Thu

12. “Were you reading this book at 8 o'clock last Sunday?” She asked Ba
4. Wh-q (từ để hỏi)

* S + asked + O + wh-q + S + V (lùi thì)

* S + wondered + wh-q + S + V (lùi thì)

* S + wanted to know + wh-q + S + V (lùi thì)

1. He said to them, “Where are you going?”

_ _

2. The teacher said, “When do you do your homework, Tom?”

3. The tourist said to me, “How often does the train get in?”

4. “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me
5. “How many people are there in your family?” She asked John

6. Tam's friend asked him “How long will you stay in England?”

7. “What time does the film begin?” She asked her mom

8. The teacher said to Lien “What's your hobby?”

9. “How do you go to the airport?” His friend asked him

10. “How much does this dress cost?” Ann asked her mother

11. Mary asked David “How often do you wash your clothes?”