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ENGLISH 9

REALATIVE CLAUSES
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OPPENING THE EXERCISES:
Definition of realative clauses
Types of realative
Relative adverbs

1) Definition:
• - Mệnh đề (Clause) là một phần của câu, nó có thể bao gồm nhiều từ hay có
cấu trúc của cả một câu. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để giải thích rõ hơn về danh từ
đứng trước nó.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: who,
whom, which, that, whose hay những trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when.
Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
• Eg: - The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girlfriend.
Trong câu này phần được viết chữ đỏ được gọi là một relative clause, nó đứng
sau “the woman” và dùng để xác định danh từ đó. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này ra chúng
ta vẫn có một câu hoàn chỉnh:
- The woman is my girlfriend.

2) TYPE OF RELATIVE CLAUSES.
1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề
được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề
cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Nó được
sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy
ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính.
Eg: The girl who is wearing pink dress is my sister.
2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non-defining relative clauses): là
mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã
được xác định. Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có
trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là
danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai
dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)
Eg: Lan, who is wearing pink dress, is my sisiter.

**NOTES:
Để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các
điểm sau:
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her,
their)
- Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ đi với this , that, these,
those

3) CÁC LOẠI ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ:

1. WHO:
- làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ 
- thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người.....
- Cấu trúc: N (person) + WHO + V + O
- Ví dụ: I told you about the woman who lives next door.
2. WHOM:
- làm túc từ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
- thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người
- Cấu trúc: .....N (person) + WHOM + S + V
- Ví dụ: I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.

3. WHICH:
- làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
- thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật
- Cấu trúc:
....N (thing) + WHICH + V + O
....N (thing) + WHICH + S + V
- Ví dụ:
+ Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
+ He couldn't read which surprised me
4. WHOSE:
- dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật, thường thay cho các từ: her,
his, their, hoặc hình thức 's
- .Cấu trúc....N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V ....
- Ví dụ: Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?

5. THAT:
- có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định
* Các trường hợp thường dùng "that":
- khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất
- khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
- khi danh từ đi trước bao gôm cả người và vật
- khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing,
anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none.
Ví dụ:
+ He was the most interesting person that I have ever met.
+ It was the first time that I heard of it.
+ These books are all that my sister left me. 0983672757
+ She talked about the people and places that she had visited.
* Các trường hợp không dùng that:
- trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
- sau giới từ

4) CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ:
1. WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for
that reason
- Cấu trúc: ......N (reason) + WHY + S + V ...
Ví dụ: I don‟t know the reason. You didn‟t go to school for that reason.
→ I don't know the reason why you didn't go to school.
2. WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there
- Cấu trúc:
 ....N (place) + WHERE + S + V ....
(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ví dụ: a/ The hotel wasn‟t very clean. We stayed t that hotel.
→ The hotel where we stayed wasn‟t very clean.
→ The hotel at which we stayed wasn‟t very clean.

3. WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then
Cấu trúc: ....N (time) + WHEN + S + V ...
(WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ví dụ: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.
→ Do you still remember the day when we first met?
→ Do you still remember the day on which we first met?
I don't know the time. She will come back then.
→ I don't know the time when she will come back.

NOTES:
1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ 
(chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.)
Ví dụ: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.
→ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.
→ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher.
2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước.
Ví dụ: She can't come to my birthday party. That makes me sad.
→ She can't come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.
3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who.
Ví dụ: I'd like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party.
4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which.
Ví dụ: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend. The book you lent me was very interesting.
5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of ... có thể được dùng
trước
whom, which và whose.
Ví dụ: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her.

CÁCH RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
I. Lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ
– Khi nào có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ
WHO ,WHICH ,WHOM…???
– Khi nó làm tân ngữ, phía trước nó không có dấu
phẩy ,không có giới từ (whose không được bỏ)
VD:
Here is the laptop which I bought => Here is the
laptop I bought
This is my book , which I bought 2 years ago =>
Không nên bỏ
– Trước which có giới từ cũng không nên bỏ which .
VD:
This is the house in which I live .

II. Viết lại câu sử dụng đại từ quan hệ
BƯỚC 1:
Chọn 2 từ giống nhau ở 2 câu :
Câu đầu phải chọn danh từ, câu sau thường là đại từ ( he ,she ,it ,they …)
The man is my father. You met him yesterday=> the man = him
BƯỚC 2:
Thế đại từ quan hệ tương ứng vào TỪ đã chọn ở câu sau
The man is my father. You met him yesterday.
Ta thấy him là người, làm túc từ nên thế whom vào
-> The man is my father.You met whom yesterday.
Đem whom ra đầu câu
-> The man is my father whom you met yesterday.
 BƯỚC 3 :
Đặt đại từ quan hệ vào ngay sau Danh từ thay thế,sau đó viết tiếp câu sau và
phần còn lại của vế đầu
The man is my father. whom You met yesterday
-> The man whom you met yesterday is my father

III. Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn
Ta sử dụng những cách sau:
1) Dùng cụm Ving
Dùng cho các mệnh đề chủ động
The girl who is sitting next to you is my sister = The girl sitting to you is my sister
2) Dùng cụm Phân từ hai
Dùng cho các mệnh đề bị động .
The house which is being built now belongs to Mr. John = The house built now
belongs to Mr. Jonh
=> Dạng 1 và dạng 2 được sử dụng phổ biến
3) Dùng cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (to V–inf)
– Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các chữ sau đây bổ nghĩa: the only, the first,
the
second,… the last, so sánh nhất, mục đích…
English is an important language which we have to master.
ÞEnglish is an important language to master.
ÞHe is the last man who left the ship
=> He is the last man to leave the ship.

–  Động từ là HAVE/HAD
VD:
He had something that he could/ had to do
=> He had something to do (Anh ấy có một số việc phải làm)
–  Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE)
VD:
There are six letters which have to be written today.
=>There are six letters to be written today. (Có 6 lá thư được
viết hôm nay)

*** NOTES:
Trong phần to – V-inf này các bạn cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
– Nếu chủ ngữ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to V-inf.
Eg:We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
-Tuy nhiên nếu chủ ngữ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như
we,you,everyone…. thì có thể không cần ghi ra.
Eg:Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.
Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu ( đây là lỗi
dễ sai nhất).
Eg:We have a peg on which we can hang our
coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.

4) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )
Dùng khi mệnh đề tình từ có dạng:
S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm:
-bỏ who ,which và be
Example:
Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain =
We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain.

IV.Phương pháp làm bài tập liên quan đến mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn
Khi học thì ta học từ dễ đến khó nhưng khi làm bài thì ngược lại phải suy luận từ khó đến dễ.
Bước 1:
– Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào
Bước này cũng dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT…
Bước 2 :
Bước này chủ yếu là giảm từ mệnh đề xuống cụm từ, tuy nhiên cách suy luận cũng phải theo thứ
tự nếu không sẽ làm sai.
VD:
This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday.
Mới nhìn ta thấy đây là câu bị động ,nếu vội vàng thì sẽ dễ dàng biến nó thành :
This is the first man arrested by police yesterday => sai
Nhưng đáp án đúng phải là :
This is the first man to be arrested by police yesterday => đúng
Các bạn hãy lần lượt làm theo các bước sau:
Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức ở mục
4.
Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước who which… có các dấu hiệu first ,only…v..v
không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công
thức ở mục 3 (to V-inf), lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-ing hay V-ed

Note:
Chỉ có hai đại từ quan hệ là whom và which thường có giới từ đi kèm và
giới
từ có thể đứng trước các đại từ quan hệ hoặc cuối mệnh đề quan hệ.
VD 1:
The man about whom you are talking is my brother.
The man (whom) you are talking about is my brother.
VD 2:
The picture at which you are looking is very expensive.
The picture ( which) you are looking at is very expensive.
– Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và
có
thể dùng that thay cho whom và which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định.
– Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ
và
không thể dùng that thay cho whom và which .

V. Lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ
1. Lưu ý 1
Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong mệnh
đề quan hệ xác định đều có thể lược bỏ.
VD:
Do you know the boy (whom) we met yesterday?
That's the house (which) I have bought.
-Tuy nhiên các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong
mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định không thể lược bỏ.
VD:
Mr Tom, whom I spoke on the phone to , is very interested in
our plan.

2. Lưu ý 2
Khi danh từ được nói đến là tân ngữ của giới từ, ta có thể đưa giới từ đó đứng trước
đại từ quan hệ. Trường hợp này chỉ được dùng Whom và Which
VD:
Miss Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a very nice teacher.
Mr. Cater, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
3.Lưu ý 3
Chú ý cách dùng của các cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ: all, most, none,
neitherany, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, + of
which/whom
 Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer.
Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class.
They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use.
There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before.

5) EXERCISES:
I. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT:
1. The men lives next-door are English. WHO__________
2. The dictionary you gave me is very good. WHICH
3. Do you know the girls are standing outside the church? WHO
4. The police are looking for the thieve got into my house last night. WHO
5. The chocolate you like comes from the United States. WHICH
6. I have lost the necklace my mother gave me on my birthday. WHICH
7. A burglar is someone breaks into a house and steals things. THAT_
8. Buses go to the airport run every half hour. THAT_
9. I can't find the key opens this door. WHICH
10. I gave you a book _______ had many pictures. WHICH
11. I don't like the boy _______ Sue is going out with.WHO
12. Did you see the beautiful dress _______ she wore yesterday. WHICH
13. The man ___she is going to marry is very rich. WHOM____
14. This is the bank ___was robbed yesterday. WHICH____
15. He wore a mask _______ made him look like Mickey Mouse. WHICH

III. Combine These Pairs Of Sentences Using Relative Pronouns:
1. The first boy has just moved. He knows the truth.
 The firsr boy who knows the truth has just moved.
2. I don't remember the man. You said you met him at the canteen last week.
 I don't remember the man whom you said you met at the canteen last week.
3. The only thing is how to go home. It make me worried.
 The only think which make me worried is how to go home.
4. The most beautiful girl lives city. I like her long hair very much.
 The most beautiful girl, whose long hair I like very much, lives in this city.
5. He was Tom. I met him at the bar yesterday.
The man whom I met at the bar yesterday was Tom.
6. The children often go swimming on Sundays. They have much free time then.
 The children often go swimming on Sundays when They have much free time .
7. They are looking for the man and his dog. They have lost the way in the forest.
They're looking for the man and his dog that have lost the way in the forest.

8. The tree has lovely flowers. The tree stands near the gate of my house.
 The tree which stands near the gate of my house has lovely flowers.
9. My wife wants you to come to dinner. You were speaking to my wife.
 My wife, whom you were speaking to, wants you to come to dinner
10. The last man has just returned from the farm. I want to talk to him at once.
 . I want to talk to the last man who has just returned from the farm.
11. The students will be awarded the present. The students' reports are very valuable.
 The students whose report are very valuable will be awarded the present.
12. The book was a lovely story. I was reading it yesterday.
 The book which I was reading yesterday was a lovely story.
13. The botanist will never forget the day. He found a strange plant on that day.
 . The botanist will never forget the day when he found a strange plant.
14. Someone is phoning you. He looked for you three hours ago.
 The person who looked for you three hours ago is phoning you.
15. The man works for my father's company. The man's daughter is fond of dancing.
 The man whose daughter is fond of dancing works for my father's company.

IV.COMPLETE THE SENTENCES.
1. He worked for a woman. She used to be 5. We broke a car. It belonged to my uncle.
an artist.
 We broke a car that belonged to my
 He worked for a woman who used to be uncle.
an artist
6. Ba dropped a cup. It was new.
2. They called a doctor. He lived nearby.  Ba dropped a cup which was new.
 They call a doctor who lived nearby.
7. Nam loves books. They have happy
3. I wrote an email to my sister. She lives in endings.
Italy.
 Nam loves books that They have happy
 I wrote an email to my sister who lives in endings
Italy.
8. I live in a city. It is in the north of
4. Linh liked the waiter. He was very
Vietnam.
friendly.
 I live in a city that is in the north
 Linh likes the waiter who was very
of Vietnam.
friendly.

9. The man is in the class. He is wearing a blue hat.
 The man who is wearing a blue hat is in the class.
10. The woman works in a hospital. She is from India.
 The woman who is from India works in a hospital.
11. My sister has four sons. She lives in Japan.
 My sister who lives in Japan has four sons.
12. The man was rude. He was wearing a red shirt.
 The man who was wearing a red shirt was rule.
13. The phone is on the table. It belongs to An.
 The phone which/that belongs to An is on the table.
14. The TV got broken. It was my grandfather's.
 The TV that was my grandfather's got broken.
15. The radio was stolen. It was bought 35 years ago.
 The radio that bought 35 years ago was stolen.
16. The girl gave Binh his phone. She is his daughter.
 The girld who gave Binh his phone is his daughter.

17. This is the laptop. My mother has just bought it.
This is the laptop which my mother has just bought.
18. That's the man. His car is a Ferrari.
That's the man whose car is a Ferrari.
19. I know the woman. She lives upstairs.
. I know the woman who lives upstairs.
20. It's the dog. I always talk to him at night.
It's the dog that I always talk to at night.
21. She opened the cupboard. She kept her best glasses in there.
She opened the cupboard where she kept her best glasses.
22. This is the house. General Giap lived here.
This is the house where General Giap lived.
23. The flight was canceled. We were going to take it.
The flight that we were going to take was canceled.

24. I saw the lady in the shop. She was Vicki Zhao.
 The lady that I saw in the shop was Vicki Zhao.
25. The man is a director. His dog is sick.
. The man whose dog is sick is a director.
26. My violin is missing. It was my birthday present.
 The violin that is missing was my birthday present.
27. I first learn English from a book. I've just reread it.
I've just reread the book which I first learned English from
28. The police officer has just arrested a man. He robbed the bank.
The police officer has just arrested the man who robbed the bank.
29. These are the shoes. I bought them in HCMC.
These are the shoes that I bought in HCMC.

V. RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ

1. She bought the car. Her father had recommended it.
 She bought the car her father had recommended.
2. He lost the pen. I had given it to him.
He lost the pen I had given him.
3. We called the delivery company. Nga often uses it.
We called the delivery company Nga often uses.
4. Lam met a girl. I used to employ her.
Lam met a girl I used to employ.
5. Chi called the lawyer. My mother knows him.
Chi called the lawyer my mother knows.
6. He brought a woman. I worked with her last year.
He brought a woman I worked with last year.
7. We employed the pianist. Hai introduced her.
We employed the pianist Hai introduced.

8. The cake is on the table. I bought it.
 The cake I bought is on the table.
9. The food was delicious. Huy cooked the food.
The food Huy cooked was delicious.
10. The bike was stolen. My parents gave me the bike.
 . The bike my parents gave me was stolen.
11. The man was arrested. I reported him to the police.
The man I reported to the police was arrested.
12. The teacher was right. Ngan asked him about her problem.
The teacher Ngan asked about her problem was right.
13. The writer was very pretty. My brother dated her.
The writer my brother dated was very pretty.
14. The secretary is in the office. Dzung likes her.
The secretary Dzung likes is in the office.
15. We ate the food. I bought the food.
. We ate the food I bought

Consolidate:

1. Definition
2. Type of realitive clause
3.Realive of adverbs
4. Shortened relative clause

*** HOMEWORK:
Exercise 1: Tìm và sửa lỗi sai.
The film who I watched yesterday was interesting.
I like that dress whom is really beautiful.
The only house to be paint last week was Oanh's.
Do you get on with the person which lives behind?
A dictionary is a book whom gives her the meaning of
words.

Ex 2: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ:

1.The man who is standing there is a clown.
2. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.
3. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in
the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.
4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.
5. The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the
teacher yesterday.
6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir
Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.
7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.
8. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are
weightless.
9. All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam.
10. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.

THANKS FOR TEACHER
AND MY STUDENT
GOOD BYE AND SEE YOU LATER.
TEACHER: LƯƠNG THUÝ TRINH
CLASS: 9A3
LÊ QUÝ ĐÔN SECONDARY SCHOOL