CHECKING
Combine each pair of following sentences, using “who”, “which” or “that”
1. The man is wearing the red tie. He is my old friend.
The man who is wearing the red tie is my old friend.
2. The building was destroyed in the storm. It is being rebuilt.
The building which was destroyed in the storm is being rebuilt.
3. He was the last person. He left the room unlocked last night.
He was the last person who/that left the room unlocked last night.
1.The man who is wearing the red tie is my old friend.
Example:
a) Present participle:
I. Grammar: Relative clauses replaced by participles or to infinitives
1. Relative clauses replaced by participles:
The man wearing the red tie is my old friend.
Who is wearing wearing
2. The dog which barks noisily is very intelligent.
The dog barking noisily is very intelligent.
Formula 1
Noun/Noun phrase + V- ING
V-ING
1. Relative clauses replaced by participles:
a) Present participle:
b) Past participle:
V-ING
V- ED / V- 3
Example:
1. The building which was destroyed in the storm is being rebuilt.
2. The man who was kidnapped last night has been released.
The building destroyed in the storm is being rebuilt.
The building destroyed in the storm is being rebuilt.
Formula 2
Noun/Noun phrase + who/which/that + to be + V-ed/ V-3
Noun/Noun phrase + V-ed/ V-3
1. Relative clauses replaced by participles:
2. Relative clauses replaced by to infinitives:
a) Active infinitive:
To + verb
Example:
1. He was the last person who left the room unlocked last night.
He was the last person to leave the room unlocked last night.
The last...who left the last...to leave
2. This is the only animal which survives in the forest fire.
This is the only animal to survive in the forest fire.
The only...which survives the only...to survive
Formula 3
The first/second/only/biggest... + who/which/that + verb
The first/second/only/biggest...+ to + verb
2. Relative clauses replaced by to infinitives:
a) Active infinitive:
To + verb
a) Passive infinitive:
To be + V-ed/V-3
Example:
1. This is the second novel which was written by Shakespeare.
This is the second novel to be written by Shakespeare.
The second...which was written the second...to be written
2. He is the last man who was rescued from being drowned.
He is the last man to be rescued from being drowned.
The last...who was rescued the last...to be rescued
Formula 4
The first/second/only/biggest... + who/which/that + be + V-ed/V-3
The first/second/only/biggest...+ to be + V-ed/V-3
3. The sentence that I have to read is very long.
The sentence to be read is very long.
That I have to read to be read
SUMMARY
1. Relative clauses replaced by participles:
Formula 1
Noun/Noun phrase + V- ING
Formula 2
Noun/Noun phrase + who/which/that + be + V-ed/ V-3
Noun/Noun phrase + V-ed/ V-3
2. Relative clauses replaced by to infinitives:
Formula 3
The first/second/only/biggest... + who/which/that + verb
The first/second/only/biggest...+ to + verb
Formula 4
The first/second/only/biggest... + who/which/that + be + V-ed/V-3
The first/second/only/biggest...+ to be + V-ed/V-3
II. PRACTICE
Task 1: (pair work) Use the formula 1 and formula 2 to rewrite each of following sentences:
1. The boy who is playing football is Ben.

The boy playing football is Ben.
2. They work in the hospital which was sponsored by the government.

They work in the hospital sponsored by the government.
3. Do you see the dog which is waving its tail?
Do you see the dog waving its tail?


4. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood
4. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood
The fence surrounding our house is made of wood.
5. Do you know the people who were kidnapped last year?
Do you know the people kidnapped last year?

4
5
3
7
6
2
1
1. This is the last exercise that I have to do.
2. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights.
3. The patient that they must cure has a serious disease.
4. John is the only man who can help her to overcome all difficulties.
5. She is the second woman who wins the champion.
III. CONSOLIDATION
Choose the best answer to replace the underlined part.
The letter that you must read is on the table.
A. To read
B. reading
C. To be read
2. He is the man who can solve the problem easily.
A. solving
B. To solve

C. To be solved
3. The last victims who were rescued have returned home safely.
A. rescued
B. rescuing
C. To be rescued
4. The biggest castle that was destroyed in the earthquake has been rebuilt.
A. destroyed
B. To be destroyed
C. to destroy
5. Do you remember the woman who danced with you yesterday?
A. To dance
B. dancing
C. To be danced
6. Is this the most difficult problem that they have to solve.
A. To solve
B. To be solved
C. solving
1.C
2.A
3.C
4.B
5.B
6.B
IV. HOMEWORK
DO THE EXERCISES IN THE HANDOUTS AND IN THE TEXTBOOK.

PREPARE FOR TEST YOURSELF D.